How US Public Land Is Surveyed and Distributed

Public land in the United States is land that was originally transferred directly from the federal government to individuals, to be distinguished from land that was originally granted or sold to individuals by the British Crown. Public lands (public domain), consisting of all land outside the original 13 colonies and the five states later formed from them (and later West Virginia and Hawaii), first came under government control following the Revolutionary War with the enactment of the Northwest Ordinance of 1785 and 1787. As the United States grew, additional land was added to the public domain through the taking of Indian land, by treaty, and by purchase from other governments. Public Land States The thirty states formed from the public domain, known as public land states, are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The original thirteen colonies, plus Kentucky, Maine, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and later West Virginia and Hawaii, form what is known as the state land states. Rectangular Survey System of Public Lands One of the most significant differences between land in the public land states and state land states is that public land was surveyed prior to being made available for purchase or homesteading, using the rectangular-survey system, otherwise known as the township-range system. When a survey was done on new public land, two lines were run at right angles to each other through the territory - a base line running east and west and a meridian line running north and south. The land was then divided into sections from the point of this intersection as follows: Township and Range - Townships, a major subdivision of public lands under the rectangular survey system, measure approximately six miles on a side (thirty-six square miles). Townships are then numbered from the base line north and south and then from the meridian line east and west. The east/west identification is known as the Range. A Township is identified by this relationship to a base line and a principal meridian.Example: Township 3 North, Range 9 West, 5th Principal Meridian identifies a specific township that is 3 tiers north from the baseline and 9 tiers west (Range) of the 5th Principal Meridian.Section Number - Townships were then further broken down into thirty-six sections of 640 acres each (one square mile) called sections, which were numbered with reference to the baseline and meridian line.Aliquot Parts - Sections were then further subdivided into smaller pieces, such as halves and quarters, while still (generally) keeping the land in a square. Aliquot Parts were used to representing the exact subdivision of each such section of land. Halves of a Section (or subdivision thereof) are represented as N, S, E, and W (such as the north half of section 5). Quarters of a Section (or subdivision thereof) are represented as NW, SW, NE, and SE (such as the northwest quarter of section 5). Sometimes, several Aliquot Parts are required to describe a parcel of land accurately.Example: ESW denotes the east half of the southwest quarter of a section, containing 80 acres. What a Township Is In general: A township contains 23,040 acresA section contains 640 acres,A half section contains 320 acres,A quarter section contains 160 acres,A half of a quarter contains 80 acres,A quarter of a quarter contains 40 acres, etc. A legal land description for the public land states might, for instance, be written as: the west half of the northwest quarter, section 8, township 38, range 24, containing 80 acres, usually abbreviated as W ½ of NW ¼ 8T38R24, containing 80 acres. Public lands were distributed to individuals, governments, and companies in some ways, including: Cash Entry An entry that covered public lands for which the individual paid cash or its equivalent. Credit Sales These land patents were issued to anyone who either paid by cash at the time of the sale and received a discount or paid by credit in installments over four years. If full payment was not received within the four-year period, title to the land would revert to the Federal Government. Because of the economic hardship, Congress quickly abandoned the credit system and through the Act of April 24, 1820, required full payment for land to be made at the time of purchase. Private Land and Preemption Claims A claim based on the assertion that the claimant (or his predecessors in interest) derived his right while the land was under the dominion of a foreign government. Pre-emption was a tactful way of saying squatter. In other words, the settler was physically on the property before the GLO officially sold or even surveyed the tract, and he was thus given a pre-emptive right to acquire the land from the United States. Donation Lands To attract settlers to the remote territories of Florida, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington, the federal government offered donation land grants to individuals who would agree to settle there and meet a residency requirement. Donation land claims were unique in that acreage granted to married couples was divided evenly. Half of the acreage was placed in the husbands name while the other half was placed in the wifes name. Records include plats, indexes, and survey notes. Donation lands were a precursor to homesteading. Homesteads Under the Homestead Act of 1862, settlers were given 160 acres of land in the public domain if they built a home on the land, resided there for five years, and cultivated the land. This land did not cost anything per acre, but the settler did pay a filing fee. A complete homestead entry file includes such documents as the homestead application, homestead proof, and final certificate authorizing the claimant to obtain a land patent. Military Warrants From 1788 to 1855 the United States granted military bounty land warrants as a reward for military service. These land warrants were issued in various denominations and based upon the rank and length of service. Railroad To aid in the construction of certain railroads, a congressional act of September 20, 1850, granted to the State alternate sections of public land on either side of the rail lines and branches. State Selection Each new State admitted to the Union was granted 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements for the common good. Established under the Act of September 4, 1841. Mineral Certificates The General Mining Law of 1872 defined mineral lands as a parcel of land containing valuable minerals in its soil and rocks. There were three kinds of mining claims: Lode Claims for gold, silver, or other precious metals occurring in veinsPlacer Claims for minerals not found in veinsMill Site Claims for up to five acres of public land claimed for processing minerals. Created and maintained by the US Federal Government, records of first transfer of public domain lands are available in multiple locations, including the National Archives and Record Administration (NARA), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and some State Land Offices. Land records related to subsequent transfers of such land between parties other than the Federal Government are found at the local level, usually a county. The types of land records created by the Federal Government include survey plats and field notes, tract books with records of each land transfer, land-entry case files with supporting documents for each land claim, and copies of the original land patents. Survey Notes and Field Plats Dating back to the 18th century, government surveys were begun in Ohio and progressed westward as more territory was opened for settlement. Once the public domain was surveyed, the government could begin to transfer title of land parcels to private citizens, companies, and local governments. Survey plats are drawings of boundaries, prepared by draftsmen, based on data in the sketches and field notes. Survey field notes are records that describe the survey performed and are completed by the surveyor. The field notes may contain descriptions of land formations, climate, soil, plant and animal life. Land Entry Case Files Before the homesteaders, soldiers, and other entrymen received their patents, and some government paperwork had to be done. Those purchasing land from the United States had to be given receipts for payments, while those obtaining land through military bounty land warrants, preemption entries, or the Homestead Act of 1862, had to file applications, give proof about military service, residence on and improvements to the land, or evidence of citizenship. The paperwork generated by those bureaucratic activities, compiled into land entry case files, is held by the National Archives and Records Administration.   Tract Books The best place to being your search when youre looking for a complete land description, tract books for the Eastern States are in the custody of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). For the Western States, they are held by NARA.  Tract books are ledgers used by the U.S. federal government from 1800 until the 1950s to record land entries and other actions related to the disposition of  public domain land. They can serve as a useful resource for family historians who want to locate the property of ancestors and their neighbors who lived in the 30 public land states. Especially valuable, tract books serve not only as an index to patented land but also to land transactions that were never completed but may still contain useful information for researchers.

Red Lobster Moves to China Essays - 2134 Words

RED LOBSTER MOVES to CHINA? HTM 540, International Tourism Development May 26, 2013 Review key points from Darden Restaurant’s most recent 10-K. Their stock symbol on the NYSE is DRI Darden Restaurants based on company sales, market and the amount of company owned and managed restaurants, is the worlds largest casual dining restaurant company who has a variety of dining brands to choose from. Their mission is to be â€Å"The best, now and for generations... and a place where people can achieve their dreams† (Darden 10K, 2012). According to their most recent 10-K report (2012), there are many key points for review. â€Å"Of the 1,961 restaurants across the United States Canada none of them are franchised† (Nation’s†¦show more content†¦and Canada. Darden operates more than 2,000 restaurants in the U.S. and Canada. Red Lobster in particular began its work with six restaurants fiscal year ending 1970 that increased to 704 restaurants in the United States and Canada by ending fiscal year 2012. In 1983, Darden opened its first Re d Lobster restaurant in Windsor, Ontario, located in Canada. The first Red Lobster restaurant in the United States opened in 1968 in Lakeland, Florida. There is a plan for Red Lobster to remodel its restaurants across the U.S. and Canada. The new design will mirror the seaside village of Bar Harbor, Maine. â€Å"As of June, 2012 they have more than half of the system in the Bar Harbor image. All of Red Lobster’s restaurants are scheduled to be completed by 2014† (â€Å"Corporate Fact Sheet,† 2012, para. 6) . According to the Data monitor report on leading companies (2008), in Canada, the company operates 29 Red Lobster restaurants (para. 4). Although Red Lobster has had success in Canada, there is no other quick service seafood restaurant in the U.S. that has a major -based quick-service seafood restaurant who has established a major existence towards the northern end of the border. Barry Shannon (1996) Vice President of Operations of Red Lobster in Canad a explains that â€Å"Red Lobster offsets higher food, beverage and labor costs with higher check averages -up to 20 percent higher than at Red Lobsters counterparts in the States† (p. 1). Compare and contrastShow MoreRelatedLevendary Cafe: the China Callenge Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesservice restaurants, and 3) casual dining. An excellent example of this concept business is The Darden family of restaurants, founded from Lakeland, FL, which features the following most successful and recognizable brands in full- service dining: Red Lobster, Olive Garden, Long Horn Steakhouse, Bahama Breeze, Seasons 52, The Capital Grille, Eddie V’s, and Yard House. 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As the Cambrian began, Rodinia began to fragment into smaller continents, which did not always correspond to the ones we see today. Green represents land above water at this time, red indicates mountains, light blue indicates shallow seas of the continental shelves, and dark blue denotes the deep ocean basins. The Cambrian world was bracketed between two ice ages, one during the late Late Proterozoic andRead MoreComparison and Financial Assessment of eBay, the Clorox Company, and Darden Restaurants2264 Words   |  9 PagesPayPal, the online payment provider has complimented the ability for consumers to pay for goods bought on the auction site. The company has undertaken strategic partnerships with numerous organizations, including Craigslist in the US and EachNet in China (eBay, 2012). Therefore, eBay has undertaken related diversification and can offer a range of online services related to the sales and promotion of goods. 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Pastor Free Essays

Often many times within a church family such as Grace with over thirty five hundred partners there are bound to be conflict. Any environment whether large or small we are all people, with personalities that some time come together in a manner that does not always show the church family in the best of light. I find people look at livers as we are designed to be different and we are in a way. We will write a custom essay sample on Pastor or any similar topic only for you Order Now We as believers are called to be different, yet we are people. This transformation comes not from our doing but through the transforming power of the Holy Spirit. This paper will outline a situation at which such an instance was brought to light. The manner in which the situation was handled by the pastoral staff, and finally, the outcome from the situation as well as the change that took place due to the situation. In order to understand the situation we must talk about the background behind the situation. A few years back Grace Covenant Church had a pastor by the name of Karri. Pastor Karri and my mother got along quite well. As far back as I could remember Pastor Karri and my mother hit it off like sisters. Pastor Karri daughter would come over to my mother’s house unannounced and stay for the day Just to sit and talk. Quite often Pastor Carrie’s daughter would find herself at my mother’s house to take a load off in between classes. Pastor Carrie’s daughter Jollied was going to college located in Statistical located about five minutes away from the campus. Jollied would stay hours at a time after she was done with school. I found this to be quite out of the ordinary. Sometime my wife Jessica and I would go up there to see my mom Alba and stay for some time. We would arrive there to find Jollied already there; she would end up staying as long as I did. I remember one time she stayed there until the sun went down. I often asked myself â€Å"why would she stay here this long†? It would seem that Jollied did not want to go home. My mother kept her promise never to bring up situations that were talked about, and I know it was the hardest thing for my mother to do because she loves to talk. My mother is a talker. She can keep a person on the phone until you fall asleep and she will not even know you fell asleep. One day my mother did break the bond of silence and confided in me on a particular situation. My mother began to unfold the situation that struck her in the heart and she did not know how to handle it. I told her that I would never speak of it, so I will honor my promise to her. Needless to say the situation came out within the pastoral staff and LEAD team in the church. It was brought to our attention due to the pastoral staffs need for us to come together in prayer. The conflict that arose was a preference in the way things should be handled within her family by a pastor within the Grace Covenant family. A situation had broken out with Pastor’s Carrie’s daughter. The denominational hierarchy as well as the pastoral staff wanted the situation to be handled in a manner that would not bring to light a situation that could be looked upon by the church partners and the denomination as a pastor that did not know how to maintain control of their family. Here is where I have the problem with the situation and the handling of it within the denomination. People fall short all the mime, that is what missing the mark is. When people in the church family miss the mark those people are not shunned or set aside as outcasts? Those people choose to confess the sin that brought them down, repent of their sin, are forgiven because God is a merciful God and they are led on a Journey which leads them back to the fold of God’s arms. My question is very simple, given this circumstance. If the daughter of a pastor was the causing the situation would it not be in the best interest of the church to bring all parties in the situation in and try to come too place where leaning can happen in the pastor’s family as well as the church family? The pastoral staff was being told by the denominational board to handle the situation one way, and the pastoral staff its self wanted to handle the situation anther way. Here is where the conflict resided for about six months within the church. Pastor Peripheral and the church staff wanted the healing process to be held within the family before it became worse. The church had come together the way a family should in times of trouble. There was conflict between the denomination and the pastoral staff, coupled gather by the conflict between the pastor Carrie’s feelings and her daughter. This tension and conflict brought much division into the church for some months. While the pressure continued to escalate within pastor Carrie’s family, as well as the church for the situation, there were grumblings of tension being felt with other staff and volunteers. As I look back at the situation I saw things happening that should not have been happening. John 17:1 1 states Jesus prayed that all believers would be one. Jesus did not want conflict to arise within His people. I could not understand why the research was pushing so hard to have resolve in this issue, in the manner they choose. The back and forth went on for a few and finally Pastor Karri put in her resignation. I firmly believe this was not the right way to handle what had gone yet, this is what took place. I think what really bothered me about the whole situation looking at it in hindsight is all the secrecy that took place. I guess I would have understood if the conflict was interpersonal, that is one thing. This conflict seemed to rest along the sides of organizational views. Could I have less than all the information I believe this could be true. I also look back at the way the pastoral staff handled the issue with Pastor Derrick and I see the staffs willingness to invite the body of Grace Covenant into the sorrow that had taken place. On the other hand Grace Covenant pastoral staff went in front of the church one Sunday and told the body effective immediately Pastor Karri will no longer be on staff at Grace. The reason that was provided was a â€Å"difference of views†. I do not know about you but that was not enough for me. Especially that pastor Karri was overseeing the entire woman’s spieling group. This did not settle easy with me nor did it settle with many partners either. As with any conflict within the body of Christ, many women left the church over the decision that took place. My mother and many others stayed due to a trust which developed over time for the pastoral staff to conduct themselves in a manner that promotes God’s glory not their own. I can see the growth throughout the pastoral staff from one incident to the next. In regards to Pastor Carrie’s incident the staff was very tight lipped about what the reasons for her leaving the church. The pastoral Taft noticed the disruption this kind of activity had upon the cohesiveness of the body at Grace. This type of discord and unknown within the body would spread like a poison within the body. The pastoral staff did not want this at all. We fast forward months later and the situation with Pastor Derrick arises and not to have a lingering cloud over the body at Grace the truth in all its ugliness was brought out into the open. There is growth and one would say conflict prevention within the body through the two examples. Personally I cannot think of a way to prevent conflict. As I mentioned in my peeing statement. We are all people with different personalities. I do however believe the way to which we conduct ourselves in the midst of conflict is a direct reflection of Christ in our lives. Our example of this is our Lord and Savior Jesus. When the soldiers came to take Him away in the garden of Statement He did not put up a fight. Even as Peter cut Off soldier’s ear, Jesus told him â€Å"those who live by the sword die by the sword†. At the center of conflict Jesus remained in peace. He is our example of living amongst personalities that are different from ours yet living in as one. How to cite Pastor, Papers

Case Study Of ERP implementation Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Of ERP implementation. Answer: Introduction The case study talks about the Enterprise resource planning system implementation in the organization. It explains role and significant of ERP system in an organization. The assignment also explains the key roles of key stakeholders in the company during ERP implementation, planning, selection, customization, and testing. It also explains that how IGT handle the change management during ERP implementation. It explains the benefits of ERP system in an organization. Key goals of IGT with using an ERP system There are various goals which IGT wanted to achieve using an enterprise resource planning system. They are discussed below. The company wants to develop and build effective software to do all the accounting work with using an ERP system in the organization. It is the primary and most important objective of the company. The company wants to gain and acquire effective information technology infrastructure to growth and success of the organization. The company also wants to integrate the business processes with the help of ERP system. The company can provide higher and effective customer services to implementing an ERP system in the company. Therefore, it will increase the productivity and revenue of the company. In this way, the company can achieve organizational goals and objectives with using an effective ERP system (Marks, 2012). The company wants to reduce the cost of operations and it wants to improve efficiency and productivity of the employees. The other objective of the company to develop the other technologies to increase and enhance the revenue and sales of employees. It needs to update the order process using an ERP system in the organization. This order process will improve the quality of work and it will increase the sales and revenue of the company (Mohapatra, Padhi Mohanty, 2015). The company wants to comprise the necessary changes to furnish and provide the new technologies for the business activities. The company would like to introduce new gaming and lottery machine in the market with the help of ERP system. Forecasting can be done with the help of ERP system in the organization. Through the ERP system, the company analyzes the estimated risk and takes corrective action to reduce them in future. In this way, the company can achieve long term as well as short goals and objectives. In ERP system, each department performs their work separately, therefore it maintains the collaboration and cooperation among the departments. These are the significant key goals which IGT wanted to achieve using an effective Enterprise resource planning system (Shaikh Karjaluoto, 2015). Pros and cons to customizing the system There are various pros and cons of enterprise resource planning system. They are discussed below. It provides an effective and excellent information management system to operate its various functions like manufacturing, human resources, finance, and distribution. Through ERP system, employees can take manufacturing process sheets online at their workplace. The company is able to establish and set up a quick-turnaround process to resolve the queries of the customers. Through SAPs ERP system the company can operate its business worldwide. The company can integrate the customer orders and develop new products with the help ERP system. It removes the unnecessary feature, attributes, and clutter from the screen. It develops a flexible product configuration engine which provides support to the manufacturer to build and develop the various types of orders. It helps to maintain the discipline in the organization (Wehbe Nacke, 2013). It is noted that SAP has a huge configuration product but still people do not get all the information from the system. It is the major key issue in this system. Further, people cannot taste the every single configuration product. The customization of open ERP takes more resources and time. On the other hand, the cost of ERP software, customization, planning, configuration, implementation, and testing is very high. The pay back and cost saving cannot be realized immediately. Evaluation is also critical during the prior implementation of ERP. All these issues affect the growth and success of the company. Therefore, the company should improve the ERP (system Lger et al, 2011). How should IGT handle change management during ERP implementation ERP is an effective way to improve the business process at every level of the organization. Therefore, ERP system plays a significant role in every organization. The IGT should handle the change management during the implementation of ERP. There are 5 ways to handle the change management during ERP implementation (Mirchandani, 2012). They are discussed below. The company should explain the benefits of enterprise resource planning system to achieve the organization goals and objective. It should provide the real world examples of ERP system. In this way, the company can handle the change management during ERP implementation. It should provide the training to employees for handling the change management during ERP execution. Training is the effective method to handle the various types of changes within the organization during ERP implementation. The company should put the implementation expectations of ERP system. In this way, employees will be able to understand the benefits of enterprise resource planning system in an organization (Haislip et al, 2015). The company should communicate with people to handle the change management in the organization during ERP implementation. Because sometimes, employees do not understand the advantages of ERP system. So the company should maintain effective communication to provide knowledge and information to employees about the ERP system. The company should analyze and measure the various stakeholders to handle the change management during ERP implementation. Analysis and evaluation will help to know the level of involvement and participation of each stakeholder during ERP execution. In this way, the company can handle the change management during ERP system implementation (Hung et al, 2012). Conclusion The case study is based on the ERP system of an international game technology company. ERP system plays a significant role in every organization. The company should use the ERP system to achieve the organizational goals and objectives easily. The company should improve the ERP system to gain the more benefits in the future. References Marks, A., 2012.The Complete Guide to Game Audio: For Composers, Musicians, Sound Designers, Game Developers. CRC Press. Shaikh, A.A. and Karjaluoto, H., 2015. Making the most of information technology systems usage: A literature review, framework and future research agenda.Computers in Human Behavior,49, pp.541-566. Hung, W.H., Ho, C.F., Jou, J.J. and Kung, K.H., 2012. Relationship bonding for a better knowledge transfer climate: An ERP implementation research.Decision Support Systems,52(2), pp.406-414. Mirchandani, V., 2012.The New Technology Elite: How Great Companies Optimize Both Technology Consumption and Production. John Wiley Sons. Lger, P.M., Charland, P., Feldstein, H., Robert, J., Babin, G. and Lyle, D., 2011. Business simulation training in information technology education: Guidelines for new approaches in IT training.Journal of Information Technology Education: Research,10(1), pp.39-53. Wehbe, R.R. and Nacke, L., 2013. An Introduction to EEG Analysis Techniques and Brain-Computer Interfaces for Games User Researchers. InDiGRA Conference. Mohapatra, S., Padhi, R. and Mohanty, S., 2015. Study of motivational factors post-implementing ERP (SAP) solutions in National Aluminium Company Limited extending the technology acceptance model at organisation level (TAMO).International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development,14(3), pp.250-271. Haislip, J.Z., Masli, A., Richardson, V.J. and Sanchez, J.M., 2015. Repairing organizational legitimacy following information technology (IT) material weaknesses: executive turnover, IT expertise, and IT system upgrades.Journal of Information Systems,30(1), pp.41-70.