Defeat of the Red Army Essay Example for Free

Annihilation of the Red Army Essay By taking a gander at what the zones where the Soviets fizzled during their in Afghanistan, we can additionally build up our counterinsurgency strategies and precept and shape our powers. Mujahideen Defeats of the Red Army A significant and astounding occasion in history was the Soviet-Afghan War. The Afghans, similar to their precursors, struggled an unfriendly, attacking power that needed to rule their country. â€Å"For the first run through, Afghanistan would turn into the focal point of a cutting edge container Arab Jihad (Holy War)† (Hill, 2008). The Afghans were battling a war of wearing down similarly as their precursors did during the Anglo-Afghan Wars. The Afghans would end up utilizing current weapons that had the capability of causing a high number losses and displacement of more prominent extents. The contrast between the Afghans in the Soviet-Afghan War and the Afghans who battled in the Anglo-Afghan war would be the assistance and backing from outside superpowers. Before the finish of the Soviet-Afghan War, the Soviet Union was at the purpose of falling; the Afghans and the individuals who were helping them were taking a gander at a triumph. How could such an amazing nation like the Soviet Union be vanquished by the Afghans? The Soviet Union lost the Soviet-Afghan War because of slip-ups and disappointments that they made. The Soviets inability to seal the fringe among Pakistan and Afghanistan, inability to stand up and viable Afghan Army and inability to win the hearts and psyches of the Afghan individuals added to the annihilation of the Red Army. Inability to Disrupt Supply Lines During the underlying five years of occupation, the Soviets never mounted a continued exertion to remove the Mujahideen flexibly lines that ran from Pakistan’s inborn regions, over the Hindu Kush Mountains, and into Afghanistan (Roy, 1991). Rather, the focal point of the Soviets from 1980 to 1982 was to direct enormous scope defensively covered tasks in areas that were viewed as hotbeds of revolutionary action. After 1982, the Soviets utilized airborne attacks to aid their battle activities to dispense with the help base of the Mujahideen. It was not until 1985 that the Red Army beginning creation a push to disturb the Mujahideen flexibly lines. The Red Army started utilizing Spetsnaz units, which were the Red armed force Special Forces units, behind Mujahideen cutting edges, to sorted out astonishment assaults against the revolutionary gracefully troops. When the Spetsnaz had the area of the Mujahideen, they would stack into Mi-24 helicopter gunships, sneak behind the Mujahideen positions, and dispatch assaults. The adequacy of the assaults the Spetsnaz utilized got obvious in 1986 where there was an abatement in the quantity of Mujahideen assaults against the Soviets. The assaults against the Soviets diminished on the grounds that the Mujahideen couldn't get men and hardware that they expected to mount a compelling guerrilla battle. The Soviets administration knew about the measure of men and a lot of hardware that the Mujahideen was moving from Pakistan across into Afghanistan on normal bases, so it’s intriguing why they didn't put forth an attempt before in the war to disturb the flexibly lines. The Soviet administration expected that on the off chance that they directed activities that may reach out into Pakistan they would bring the United States into an enormous scope war that the Soviets didn't need. In this way, directing procedure on the Afghan side of the fringe against the dissidents was an action that the Soviets could legitimize without bringing the United States into the war. As indicated by Oliver Roy, the Soviet inability to seal the fringe with Pakistan was the most critical military mix-up in the war against the Mujahideen (Roy, 1991). With an unlocked fringe, the United States with the assistance of the assistance of the Inter-Service Intelligence, ISI, started piping in weapons to the Mujahideen in the 1980. Toward the beginning of 1980, the Central Intelligence Agency started to buy weapons from a few nations to incorporate China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab countries. When these weapons had been bought they were dispatched to the ISI central command situated in Peshawar Pakistan. The United States supported some $30 million dollars in 1982, yet in 1984, the CIA went through some $250 million buying guns, AK-47s, ammo, surface to air rockets, and different supplies for the Mujahideen. By 1985, the CIA was burning through $500 million dollars on the obstruction in Afghanistan. 1985 was that year the President Ronald Reagan marked the National Security Decision Directive 166. This order expressed that the CIA was to drive out the Soviets from Afghanistan †by all methods available† (Crile, 2003, p 363). In 1986, the CIA affirmed the acquisition of warmth looking for rockets and very nearly 1000 for each bought. The warmth looking for rockets were viable in bringing down the Soviets helicopters, however the Mujahideen didn't place these missions into utilization until 1987. Pakistan who was driven by Islamic character had a personal stake in the result of the Soviet-Afghan War and put forth an incredible attempt to guarantee that the Mujahideen was successful. To guarantee triumph for the Mujahideen, Pakistan set up a system that would move the entirety of the weapons that had been bought to the Mujahideen. When the entirety of the weapons that had been bought and shown up to the ISI central command the ISI would disperse the weapons to the Mujahideen, who might get the weapons and supplies to the fighter in the field. The Mujahideen would utilize tractors, trucks, camel, donkeys, and ponies that could mix in with the remainder of the cross outskirt traffic or they would proceed onward earth streets that were just open by foot over the fringe into Afghanistan. It is clear that without the assistance of the Pakistanis, the Mujahideen would not have had the option to battle since they could have not had the option to flexibly their fighters. All through the war, the Soviets and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, DRA endeavored to pressure Pakistan’s President Zia to seal the fringe among Afghanistan and Pakistan with troops, however this went without much of any result. President Zia reacts to the solicitation to seal the fringe was that Pakistan would not do it yet that the Red Army and the DRA were very free to do it. Despite who might endeavor to seal the outskirt it would be a unimaginable undertaking when you consider the length and uneven territory that would need to be secured. In 1985, the Red Army began to disturb the Mujahideen gracefully lines by putting a large number of troops on the outskirt with Pakistan. Simultaneously, The Red Army started a besieging effort hitting bordertowns that were thoughtful to the radicals and putting Spetsnaz units along the fringes to direct hunt and devastate missions from behind Mujahideen cutting edges. The Red Army started utilizing their gunships to go all over the fringe searching for wrecking Mujahideen gracefully bands. The assault utilized by the Red Army turned a huge segment of the fringe etween Afghanistan and Pakistan to land that no longer could be occupied. This eradication exertion began to get successful as it made it practically unthinkable for the Mujahideen gracefully processions to move unreservedly. In 1986, the Mujahideen countered the Red Army by utilizing the Stringer rockets to cut down the Red Army Helicopters. To abstain from being hit by a Stringer rocket the Red Army Pilots needed to fly at a higher elevation however the higher height made it hard for the Red Army to adequately assault the Mujahideen gracefully lines. In spite of the fact that the territory along the Afghan and Pakistan fringe made it hard to thoroughly seal the outskirt, it would have been conceivable to upset the progression of men and supplies coming into Afghanistan. This was clear by the Red Army somewhere in the range of 1985 and 1986. Had the Red Army been happy to assume a higher death toll before 1985, it would have been conceivable to hinder the Mujahideen’s capacity to get weapons into Afghanistan. The failure by the Red Army to set up a powerful method to disturb the Mujahideen flexibly lines was by all account not the only explanation that the PDPA couldn't make due without the help of the Red Army. The Red Army additionally neglected to assemble an Afghan National Army that could secure the PDPA against the Mujahideen. Some portion of the motivation behind why the Red Army couldn't stand up the Afghan Army was on the grounds that there were Mujahideen supporters in the positions. This is likewise part of the motivation behind why the Soviets couldn't win the hearts and brains of the Afghan individuals. At the point when the Soviets pulled back from Afghanistan, they left the nation without the way to secure its self. Inability to fabricate an Afghan Army As ahead of schedule as 1980, Soviet authority realized that it would have been hard to develop the Afghan Army. This was mostly because of the way that the PDPA system was disagreeable with numerous Afghan individuals, and there was likewise a profound scorn for the Red Army troops. The reluctance to battle for the Soviet Union and the DRA was reflected by the reduction in the Afghan Army’s positions. The Afghan Army diminished from 90,000 to 30,000 men from 1980 to 1983 (Schofield, 2003). During the Soviet control of Afghanistan, it was normal for Afghan troopers to leave their units with their weapons and ammo and join the Mujahideen. There is a record in July 1987 where a whole 2,000-man unit deserted to the Mujahideen in Kandahar (McMichael, 1991). Notwithstanding the deserting that was occurring there were reports of Afghan officials oftentimes undermining Soviet hardware and vehicles. For the Afghans who stayed numerous just battled due to the Soviet soldiers existences on the cutting edges who might not permit them to out of control. Because of the Afghans individuals reluctance to battle for the Soviets and the DRA, the PDPA could just form a little military power, the all out that numbers 120,000 to 150,000 battling men. With its little size and the difficulties they had selecting the Afghans to battle for the PDPA system, the Afghan Army was inadequate. The Afghan government was likewise just ready to draft sixty

The Chemistry of Natural Waters Essay -- Science Papers

Characterized in Chemtrek as â€Å"The nearness of the disintegrated divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+. . . (which) gives regular waters substance properties†, hard water has consistently been a revile to the two creatures and man 1 . It advances scale, the development of magnesium and calcium to where a stone like substance shapes in family unit and mechanical channels, disturbs characteristic environments and regenerative patterns of new water fish, and causes numerous wellbeing related issues in people 2 . To dodge such issues, it is imperative to comprehend ways that business organizations and property holders can test for hard water. This analysis looks at two potential strategies for testing water hardness. They include: AA spectroscopy, which quantifies a water test's assimilation of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and EDTA titration, which utilizes a titration's end-point to decide the grouping of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ present in a water source 1 . It is additionally critical to find out abo ut water relaxing, a procedure that expels calcium and magnesium from water sources 3 . For this examination, I investigated water relaxing procedures, for example, divalent cation expulsion particle trade and water mellowing with a business water-molding specialist 4 . My gathering chose to test AA spectroscopy, EDTA titration, and water relaxing procedures on four common water tests from Little Chickies Creek in Mount Joy,PA; Allegheny River in Warren, PA; Stone Valley Lake in State College, PA; and a lake on Orr Avenue in Apollo, PA since it is basic to think about the nature of Pennsylvania's conduits. My speculation expressed that the water from Little Chickies Creek would be the hardest on the grounds that it is situated by a few limestone quarries, which store calcium and magnesium into rivers and streams 5 ... ... Prentice Lobby, 2003. 5 McClintok , Michael. â€Å"A Hard Look at Soft Water.† The Washington Post 28 August 2003 : H.02. 6 â€Å"Threats to Western Pennsylvania Waterways.† Creek Connections . 13 October 2003 <http://creeekconnections.allegheny.edu/pollutionsummary.html>. 7 Van der Leeden , Frits; Troise , Fred L.; Todd, David K. The Water Encyclopedia . second ed . New York : Lewis Publishers, 1990. 8 Krogman, Nick. Science 14-AA Spectroscopy Calibration Data Charts. 9 Anderson , Troy . Science 14-Lab Notebook, Experiment 10. p. 54-59. 10 Angiulli , Alayna . Science 14-Lab Notebook, Experiment 10. p. 41-45. 11 Toms, Jarrett. Science 14-Lab Notebook, Experiment 10. p. 49-54. 12 Robb, Gordon A. what's more, James D.F. Robinson . â€Å"Acid Drainage from Mines.† The Geographical Journal March 1995: 47.

Chest Pain Symptoms and Panic Disorder

Chest Pain Symptoms and Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Symptoms Print Chest Pain From Heart Problems and Panic Disorder By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Updated on October 21, 2019 Istockphoto.com/Stock Photo ©Daisy-Daisy More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Typical vs. Atypical Pain Pain With Heart Problems Pain With Panic Disorder Mitral Valve/Panic Disorder Heart Disease/Panic Disorder View All Back To Top About 40 percent of people with panic disorder experience pain in their chest. Chest pain symptoms are listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, DSM-5. under the symptoms associated with a panic attack. Whether or not you have panic disorder, pain in the chest area sounds an alarm. The first thought, and rightfully so, is that you are experiencing a possible heart attack or other cardiac event. This possibility sends many people to the nearest emergency room for help. But, often chest pain symptoms associated with panic disorder are not related to the heart and are not, generally, considered serious. Typical vs. Atypical Chest Pain Professionals have divided chest pain under the headings of “typical” and “atypical.” Typical chest pain is thought to be more likely related to a cardiac event. Atypical chest pain, on the other hand, is thought to decrease the likelihood that the pain has cardiac origins. But, defining what is “typical” and what is “atypical” is not set by clear boundaries. And, although atypical chest pain reduces the likelihood of heart trouble, some people do, indeed, have atypical chest pain with a heart attack or other cardiac episode. This may be even more common in women, as heart disease in women often has different symptoms than heart disease in men. The following provides a general overview of what is usually considered the characteristics of typical chest pain indicative of heart trouble and atypical chest pain often associated with panic disorder. It is not intended to serve as a tool for self-diagnosis. All chest pain should be evaluated by a physician for proper diagnosis. Keep this in mind even if youve had a panic disorder related chest pain in the past. People with panic disorder may have heart disease just as those who do not have panic disorder, and, as noted later on, may be even more likely to develop heart disease Typical Chest Pain Associated With Heart Problems Typical symptoms of heart-related chest pain include: Escalating chest pain reaching maximum severity after a few minutesConstant pain, pressure, or achingPain in the substernal area (beneath the breastbone) or left chest areaPain that travels or radiates from the chest to other areas, such as one or both arms, the shoulders or the jawPain that is brought on by exertion (although unstable angina may bring about pain without exertion) Atypical Chest Pain Associated With Panic Disorder Atypical chest pain may include: Sharp or stabbing chest pain (note that sharp or stabbing chest pain can also be a symptom of serious conditions such as pulmonary embolism)Chest pain that is fleetingPain that is localized to a small areaPain that occurs without exertionChest Pain that accompanies anxiety or a panic attackPain that is relieved or worsened when you change positionsPain that can be reproduced or worsened by pressing over the area of pain Mitral Valve Prolapse and Panic Disorder Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a fairly common disorder, affecting approximately four to five percent of the general adult population. Basically, MVP involves an abnormal heart valve that “prolapses” or flops backward, allowing blood to leak back through the valve opening. Many people with MVP have no symptoms. Some may have complaints of fatigue, heart palpitations, chest pain, anxiety, and migraine headaches. For the majority of people, MVP causes no lasting negative effects and does not interfere with any life functions. Research has shown some evidence of a correlation between MVP and panic disorder. Much of this research suggests that MVP occurs more frequently in those with panic disorder or other anxiety disorders. There is some controversy, however, as to whether or not this connection actually exists. Future studies will, hopefully, give us a more definitive answer. Heart Disease and Panic Disorder There have been several studies that have attempted to show a correlation between anxiety disorders and heart disease. A recent study by the Women’s Health Initiative of postmenopausal women suggested that those who reported a full-blown panic attack within six months of being interviewed had a three-fold risk of having a heart attack, heart-related death or stroke over the next five years. This study also found that those who reported panic attacks were nearly twice as likely to die from any cause in the five years following the study. But, this study, like others that have attempted to show a correlation between panic disorder and heart disease, has not provided the final answer. The participants of this study answered two screening questions about experiencing a sudden attack of feeling frightened, anxious, or extremely uncomfortable and sudden episode of rapid or irregular heartbeats. This led to interviewers asking these participants questions about twelve panic attack symptoms within the past six months. Some symptoms associated with panic attacks are very similar to cardiac problems but are unrelated to heart function. The participants of this study who reported these panic attack symptoms within the past six months were not distinguished between a single panic attack, a few panic attacks or recurring panic attacks indicative of panic disorder. It is possible that some of those who answered positive to the screening questions about panic attacks may have actually been experiencing an undiagnosed heart problem. It is difficult, at best, to prove a correlation between heart disease and panic attacks. Statistically, people with panic disorder have higher incidences of smoking, alcohol use, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood pressure, and increased cholesterol. These are known risk factors for heart disease. Whether or not you have panic disorder, most professionals will agree: Reduce your known risk factors and reduce your risk of developing heart disease. Bottom Line Its clear that panic disorder is associated with chest pain, but less clear whether those with panic disorder are more likely to suffer from heart disease. Symptoms of chest pain related to panic attacks versus that related to heart attacks can differ in general, but among individual people, there is much overlap. At the same time, we know that seeking immediate medical care can make a difference for those who have cardiac-related chest pain. Until we know more, those living with panic disorder should seek medical attention immediately for chest pain. This may lead to unnecessary emergency room visits at times but pales in comparison to the risk of missing heart attack related pain by dismissing it as a panic attack. Medical care for those with heart attacks has improved dramatically in recent years but relies on people getting to that care in time. Whether you have panic disorder or not, check out how to survive a heart attack in those first hours.

How US Public Land Is Surveyed and Distributed

Public land in the United States is land that was originally transferred directly from the federal government to individuals, to be distinguished from land that was originally granted or sold to individuals by the British Crown. Public lands (public domain), consisting of all land outside the original 13 colonies and the five states later formed from them (and later West Virginia and Hawaii), first came under government control following the Revolutionary War with the enactment of the Northwest Ordinance of 1785 and 1787. As the United States grew, additional land was added to the public domain through the taking of Indian land, by treaty, and by purchase from other governments. Public Land States The thirty states formed from the public domain, known as public land states, are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The original thirteen colonies, plus Kentucky, Maine, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and later West Virginia and Hawaii, form what is known as the state land states. Rectangular Survey System of Public Lands One of the most significant differences between land in the public land states and state land states is that public land was surveyed prior to being made available for purchase or homesteading, using the rectangular-survey system, otherwise known as the township-range system. When a survey was done on new public land, two lines were run at right angles to each other through the territory - a base line running east and west and a meridian line running north and south. The land was then divided into sections from the point of this intersection as follows: Township and Range - Townships, a major subdivision of public lands under the rectangular survey system, measure approximately six miles on a side (thirty-six square miles). Townships are then numbered from the base line north and south and then from the meridian line east and west. The east/west identification is known as the Range. A Township is identified by this relationship to a base line and a principal meridian.Example: Township 3 North, Range 9 West, 5th Principal Meridian identifies a specific township that is 3 tiers north from the baseline and 9 tiers west (Range) of the 5th Principal Meridian.Section Number - Townships were then further broken down into thirty-six sections of 640 acres each (one square mile) called sections, which were numbered with reference to the baseline and meridian line.Aliquot Parts - Sections were then further subdivided into smaller pieces, such as halves and quarters, while still (generally) keeping the land in a square. Aliquot Parts were used to representing the exact subdivision of each such section of land. Halves of a Section (or subdivision thereof) are represented as N, S, E, and W (such as the north half of section 5). Quarters of a Section (or subdivision thereof) are represented as NW, SW, NE, and SE (such as the northwest quarter of section 5). Sometimes, several Aliquot Parts are required to describe a parcel of land accurately.Example: ESW denotes the east half of the southwest quarter of a section, containing 80 acres. What a Township Is In general: A township contains 23,040 acresA section contains 640 acres,A half section contains 320 acres,A quarter section contains 160 acres,A half of a quarter contains 80 acres,A quarter of a quarter contains 40 acres, etc. A legal land description for the public land states might, for instance, be written as: the west half of the northwest quarter, section 8, township 38, range 24, containing 80 acres, usually abbreviated as W ½ of NW ¼ 8T38R24, containing 80 acres. Public lands were distributed to individuals, governments, and companies in some ways, including: Cash Entry An entry that covered public lands for which the individual paid cash or its equivalent. Credit Sales These land patents were issued to anyone who either paid by cash at the time of the sale and received a discount or paid by credit in installments over four years. If full payment was not received within the four-year period, title to the land would revert to the Federal Government. Because of the economic hardship, Congress quickly abandoned the credit system and through the Act of April 24, 1820, required full payment for land to be made at the time of purchase. Private Land and Preemption Claims A claim based on the assertion that the claimant (or his predecessors in interest) derived his right while the land was under the dominion of a foreign government. Pre-emption was a tactful way of saying squatter. In other words, the settler was physically on the property before the GLO officially sold or even surveyed the tract, and he was thus given a pre-emptive right to acquire the land from the United States. Donation Lands To attract settlers to the remote territories of Florida, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington, the federal government offered donation land grants to individuals who would agree to settle there and meet a residency requirement. Donation land claims were unique in that acreage granted to married couples was divided evenly. Half of the acreage was placed in the husbands name while the other half was placed in the wifes name. Records include plats, indexes, and survey notes. Donation lands were a precursor to homesteading. Homesteads Under the Homestead Act of 1862, settlers were given 160 acres of land in the public domain if they built a home on the land, resided there for five years, and cultivated the land. This land did not cost anything per acre, but the settler did pay a filing fee. A complete homestead entry file includes such documents as the homestead application, homestead proof, and final certificate authorizing the claimant to obtain a land patent. Military Warrants From 1788 to 1855 the United States granted military bounty land warrants as a reward for military service. These land warrants were issued in various denominations and based upon the rank and length of service. Railroad To aid in the construction of certain railroads, a congressional act of September 20, 1850, granted to the State alternate sections of public land on either side of the rail lines and branches. State Selection Each new State admitted to the Union was granted 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements for the common good. Established under the Act of September 4, 1841. Mineral Certificates The General Mining Law of 1872 defined mineral lands as a parcel of land containing valuable minerals in its soil and rocks. There were three kinds of mining claims: Lode Claims for gold, silver, or other precious metals occurring in veinsPlacer Claims for minerals not found in veinsMill Site Claims for up to five acres of public land claimed for processing minerals. Created and maintained by the US Federal Government, records of first transfer of public domain lands are available in multiple locations, including the National Archives and Record Administration (NARA), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and some State Land Offices. Land records related to subsequent transfers of such land between parties other than the Federal Government are found at the local level, usually a county. The types of land records created by the Federal Government include survey plats and field notes, tract books with records of each land transfer, land-entry case files with supporting documents for each land claim, and copies of the original land patents. Survey Notes and Field Plats Dating back to the 18th century, government surveys were begun in Ohio and progressed westward as more territory was opened for settlement. Once the public domain was surveyed, the government could begin to transfer title of land parcels to private citizens, companies, and local governments. Survey plats are drawings of boundaries, prepared by draftsmen, based on data in the sketches and field notes. Survey field notes are records that describe the survey performed and are completed by the surveyor. The field notes may contain descriptions of land formations, climate, soil, plant and animal life. Land Entry Case Files Before the homesteaders, soldiers, and other entrymen received their patents, and some government paperwork had to be done. Those purchasing land from the United States had to be given receipts for payments, while those obtaining land through military bounty land warrants, preemption entries, or the Homestead Act of 1862, had to file applications, give proof about military service, residence on and improvements to the land, or evidence of citizenship. The paperwork generated by those bureaucratic activities, compiled into land entry case files, is held by the National Archives and Records Administration.   Tract Books The best place to being your search when youre looking for a complete land description, tract books for the Eastern States are in the custody of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). For the Western States, they are held by NARA.  Tract books are ledgers used by the U.S. federal government from 1800 until the 1950s to record land entries and other actions related to the disposition of  public domain land. They can serve as a useful resource for family historians who want to locate the property of ancestors and their neighbors who lived in the 30 public land states. Especially valuable, tract books serve not only as an index to patented land but also to land transactions that were never completed but may still contain useful information for researchers.

Red Lobster Moves to China Essays - 2134 Words

RED LOBSTER MOVES to CHINA? HTM 540, International Tourism Development May 26, 2013 Review key points from Darden Restaurant’s most recent 10-K. Their stock symbol on the NYSE is DRI Darden Restaurants based on company sales, market and the amount of company owned and managed restaurants, is the worlds largest casual dining restaurant company who has a variety of dining brands to choose from. Their mission is to be â€Å"The best, now and for generations... and a place where people can achieve their dreams† (Darden 10K, 2012). According to their most recent 10-K report (2012), there are many key points for review. â€Å"Of the 1,961 restaurants across the United States Canada none of them are franchised† (Nation’s†¦show more content†¦and Canada. Darden operates more than 2,000 restaurants in the U.S. and Canada. Red Lobster in particular began its work with six restaurants fiscal year ending 1970 that increased to 704 restaurants in the United States and Canada by ending fiscal year 2012. In 1983, Darden opened its first Re d Lobster restaurant in Windsor, Ontario, located in Canada. The first Red Lobster restaurant in the United States opened in 1968 in Lakeland, Florida. There is a plan for Red Lobster to remodel its restaurants across the U.S. and Canada. The new design will mirror the seaside village of Bar Harbor, Maine. â€Å"As of June, 2012 they have more than half of the system in the Bar Harbor image. All of Red Lobster’s restaurants are scheduled to be completed by 2014† (â€Å"Corporate Fact Sheet,† 2012, para. 6) . According to the Data monitor report on leading companies (2008), in Canada, the company operates 29 Red Lobster restaurants (para. 4). Although Red Lobster has had success in Canada, there is no other quick service seafood restaurant in the U.S. that has a major -based quick-service seafood restaurant who has established a major existence towards the northern end of the border. Barry Shannon (1996) Vice President of Operations of Red Lobster in Canad a explains that â€Å"Red Lobster offsets higher food, beverage and labor costs with higher check averages -up to 20 percent higher than at Red Lobsters counterparts in the States† (p. 1). Compare and contrastShow MoreRelatedLevendary Cafe: the China Callenge Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesservice restaurants, and 3) casual dining. An excellent example of this concept business is The Darden family of restaurants, founded from Lakeland, FL, which features the following most successful and recognizable brands in full- service dining: Red Lobster, Olive Garden, Long Horn Steakhouse, Bahama Breeze, Seasons 52, The Capital Grille, Eddie V’s, and Yard House. 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The culprit (a minute, year seven boy) stands next to the offending pile of broken china and, as several of the older students begin to whoop, proceeds to flus h a deep red as he prays for an escape from the blinding spotlight. Unfortunately, the hole in the ground fails to appear for him as it has failed so many others in similar situations and he is left at the mercy of hundredsRead MoreTesting4086 Words   |  17 Pagesthe DominatorTM. Date 2007 Domino’s removes all hydrogenated fats from its products. Chris Moore becomes Chief Executive. Store number 500 opens in Hatfield. 2008 Domino’s Pizza becomes official sponsor of Britain’s Got Talent on ITV. Domino’s moves from AIM to the main market of the London Stock Exchange. 2009 Domino’s new bespoke commissary begins construction. The first mobile unit takes to the road. The pizza tracker, an online programme designed to show the customer the route of their pizzaRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pages,,, ,,,,,, Red Line ,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,,Black Shading ,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, Black Line ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, Blue ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, Shading ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 4 6 8 x1 0 (d) Suppose that the price of commodity 1 falls to $5 while everything else stays the same. Write down your new budget equation. 5x1 +5x2 = 40. On the graph above, use red ink to draw

Pastor Free Essays

Often many times within a church family such as Grace with over thirty five hundred partners there are bound to be conflict. Any environment whether large or small we are all people, with personalities that some time come together in a manner that does not always show the church family in the best of light. I find people look at livers as we are designed to be different and we are in a way. We will write a custom essay sample on Pastor or any similar topic only for you Order Now We as believers are called to be different, yet we are people. This transformation comes not from our doing but through the transforming power of the Holy Spirit. This paper will outline a situation at which such an instance was brought to light. The manner in which the situation was handled by the pastoral staff, and finally, the outcome from the situation as well as the change that took place due to the situation. In order to understand the situation we must talk about the background behind the situation. A few years back Grace Covenant Church had a pastor by the name of Karri. Pastor Karri and my mother got along quite well. As far back as I could remember Pastor Karri and my mother hit it off like sisters. Pastor Karri daughter would come over to my mother’s house unannounced and stay for the day Just to sit and talk. Quite often Pastor Carrie’s daughter would find herself at my mother’s house to take a load off in between classes. Pastor Carrie’s daughter Jollied was going to college located in Statistical located about five minutes away from the campus. Jollied would stay hours at a time after she was done with school. I found this to be quite out of the ordinary. Sometime my wife Jessica and I would go up there to see my mom Alba and stay for some time. We would arrive there to find Jollied already there; she would end up staying as long as I did. I remember one time she stayed there until the sun went down. I often asked myself â€Å"why would she stay here this long†? It would seem that Jollied did not want to go home. My mother kept her promise never to bring up situations that were talked about, and I know it was the hardest thing for my mother to do because she loves to talk. My mother is a talker. She can keep a person on the phone until you fall asleep and she will not even know you fell asleep. One day my mother did break the bond of silence and confided in me on a particular situation. My mother began to unfold the situation that struck her in the heart and she did not know how to handle it. I told her that I would never speak of it, so I will honor my promise to her. Needless to say the situation came out within the pastoral staff and LEAD team in the church. It was brought to our attention due to the pastoral staffs need for us to come together in prayer. The conflict that arose was a preference in the way things should be handled within her family by a pastor within the Grace Covenant family. A situation had broken out with Pastor’s Carrie’s daughter. The denominational hierarchy as well as the pastoral staff wanted the situation to be handled in a manner that would not bring to light a situation that could be looked upon by the church partners and the denomination as a pastor that did not know how to maintain control of their family. Here is where I have the problem with the situation and the handling of it within the denomination. People fall short all the mime, that is what missing the mark is. When people in the church family miss the mark those people are not shunned or set aside as outcasts? Those people choose to confess the sin that brought them down, repent of their sin, are forgiven because God is a merciful God and they are led on a Journey which leads them back to the fold of God’s arms. My question is very simple, given this circumstance. If the daughter of a pastor was the causing the situation would it not be in the best interest of the church to bring all parties in the situation in and try to come too place where leaning can happen in the pastor’s family as well as the church family? The pastoral staff was being told by the denominational board to handle the situation one way, and the pastoral staff its self wanted to handle the situation anther way. Here is where the conflict resided for about six months within the church. Pastor Peripheral and the church staff wanted the healing process to be held within the family before it became worse. The church had come together the way a family should in times of trouble. There was conflict between the denomination and the pastoral staff, coupled gather by the conflict between the pastor Carrie’s feelings and her daughter. This tension and conflict brought much division into the church for some months. While the pressure continued to escalate within pastor Carrie’s family, as well as the church for the situation, there were grumblings of tension being felt with other staff and volunteers. As I look back at the situation I saw things happening that should not have been happening. John 17:1 1 states Jesus prayed that all believers would be one. Jesus did not want conflict to arise within His people. I could not understand why the research was pushing so hard to have resolve in this issue, in the manner they choose. The back and forth went on for a few and finally Pastor Karri put in her resignation. I firmly believe this was not the right way to handle what had gone yet, this is what took place. I think what really bothered me about the whole situation looking at it in hindsight is all the secrecy that took place. I guess I would have understood if the conflict was interpersonal, that is one thing. This conflict seemed to rest along the sides of organizational views. Could I have less than all the information I believe this could be true. I also look back at the way the pastoral staff handled the issue with Pastor Derrick and I see the staffs willingness to invite the body of Grace Covenant into the sorrow that had taken place. On the other hand Grace Covenant pastoral staff went in front of the church one Sunday and told the body effective immediately Pastor Karri will no longer be on staff at Grace. The reason that was provided was a â€Å"difference of views†. I do not know about you but that was not enough for me. Especially that pastor Karri was overseeing the entire woman’s spieling group. This did not settle easy with me nor did it settle with many partners either. As with any conflict within the body of Christ, many women left the church over the decision that took place. My mother and many others stayed due to a trust which developed over time for the pastoral staff to conduct themselves in a manner that promotes God’s glory not their own. I can see the growth throughout the pastoral staff from one incident to the next. In regards to Pastor Carrie’s incident the staff was very tight lipped about what the reasons for her leaving the church. The pastoral Taft noticed the disruption this kind of activity had upon the cohesiveness of the body at Grace. This type of discord and unknown within the body would spread like a poison within the body. The pastoral staff did not want this at all. We fast forward months later and the situation with Pastor Derrick arises and not to have a lingering cloud over the body at Grace the truth in all its ugliness was brought out into the open. There is growth and one would say conflict prevention within the body through the two examples. Personally I cannot think of a way to prevent conflict. As I mentioned in my peeing statement. We are all people with different personalities. I do however believe the way to which we conduct ourselves in the midst of conflict is a direct reflection of Christ in our lives. Our example of this is our Lord and Savior Jesus. When the soldiers came to take Him away in the garden of Statement He did not put up a fight. Even as Peter cut Off soldier’s ear, Jesus told him â€Å"those who live by the sword die by the sword†. At the center of conflict Jesus remained in peace. He is our example of living amongst personalities that are different from ours yet living in as one. How to cite Pastor, Papers

Case Study Of ERP implementation Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Of ERP implementation. Answer: Introduction The case study talks about the Enterprise resource planning system implementation in the organization. It explains role and significant of ERP system in an organization. The assignment also explains the key roles of key stakeholders in the company during ERP implementation, planning, selection, customization, and testing. It also explains that how IGT handle the change management during ERP implementation. It explains the benefits of ERP system in an organization. Key goals of IGT with using an ERP system There are various goals which IGT wanted to achieve using an enterprise resource planning system. They are discussed below. The company wants to develop and build effective software to do all the accounting work with using an ERP system in the organization. It is the primary and most important objective of the company. The company wants to gain and acquire effective information technology infrastructure to growth and success of the organization. The company also wants to integrate the business processes with the help of ERP system. The company can provide higher and effective customer services to implementing an ERP system in the company. Therefore, it will increase the productivity and revenue of the company. In this way, the company can achieve organizational goals and objectives with using an effective ERP system (Marks, 2012). The company wants to reduce the cost of operations and it wants to improve efficiency and productivity of the employees. The other objective of the company to develop the other technologies to increase and enhance the revenue and sales of employees. It needs to update the order process using an ERP system in the organization. This order process will improve the quality of work and it will increase the sales and revenue of the company (Mohapatra, Padhi Mohanty, 2015). The company wants to comprise the necessary changes to furnish and provide the new technologies for the business activities. The company would like to introduce new gaming and lottery machine in the market with the help of ERP system. Forecasting can be done with the help of ERP system in the organization. Through the ERP system, the company analyzes the estimated risk and takes corrective action to reduce them in future. In this way, the company can achieve long term as well as short goals and objectives. In ERP system, each department performs their work separately, therefore it maintains the collaboration and cooperation among the departments. These are the significant key goals which IGT wanted to achieve using an effective Enterprise resource planning system (Shaikh Karjaluoto, 2015). Pros and cons to customizing the system There are various pros and cons of enterprise resource planning system. They are discussed below. It provides an effective and excellent information management system to operate its various functions like manufacturing, human resources, finance, and distribution. Through ERP system, employees can take manufacturing process sheets online at their workplace. The company is able to establish and set up a quick-turnaround process to resolve the queries of the customers. Through SAPs ERP system the company can operate its business worldwide. The company can integrate the customer orders and develop new products with the help ERP system. It removes the unnecessary feature, attributes, and clutter from the screen. It develops a flexible product configuration engine which provides support to the manufacturer to build and develop the various types of orders. It helps to maintain the discipline in the organization (Wehbe Nacke, 2013). It is noted that SAP has a huge configuration product but still people do not get all the information from the system. It is the major key issue in this system. Further, people cannot taste the every single configuration product. The customization of open ERP takes more resources and time. On the other hand, the cost of ERP software, customization, planning, configuration, implementation, and testing is very high. The pay back and cost saving cannot be realized immediately. Evaluation is also critical during the prior implementation of ERP. All these issues affect the growth and success of the company. Therefore, the company should improve the ERP (system Lger et al, 2011). How should IGT handle change management during ERP implementation ERP is an effective way to improve the business process at every level of the organization. Therefore, ERP system plays a significant role in every organization. The IGT should handle the change management during the implementation of ERP. There are 5 ways to handle the change management during ERP implementation (Mirchandani, 2012). They are discussed below. The company should explain the benefits of enterprise resource planning system to achieve the organization goals and objective. It should provide the real world examples of ERP system. In this way, the company can handle the change management during ERP implementation. It should provide the training to employees for handling the change management during ERP execution. Training is the effective method to handle the various types of changes within the organization during ERP implementation. The company should put the implementation expectations of ERP system. In this way, employees will be able to understand the benefits of enterprise resource planning system in an organization (Haislip et al, 2015). The company should communicate with people to handle the change management in the organization during ERP implementation. Because sometimes, employees do not understand the advantages of ERP system. So the company should maintain effective communication to provide knowledge and information to employees about the ERP system. The company should analyze and measure the various stakeholders to handle the change management during ERP implementation. Analysis and evaluation will help to know the level of involvement and participation of each stakeholder during ERP execution. In this way, the company can handle the change management during ERP system implementation (Hung et al, 2012). Conclusion The case study is based on the ERP system of an international game technology company. ERP system plays a significant role in every organization. The company should use the ERP system to achieve the organizational goals and objectives easily. The company should improve the ERP system to gain the more benefits in the future. References Marks, A., 2012.The Complete Guide to Game Audio: For Composers, Musicians, Sound Designers, Game Developers. CRC Press. Shaikh, A.A. and Karjaluoto, H., 2015. Making the most of information technology systems usage: A literature review, framework and future research agenda.Computers in Human Behavior,49, pp.541-566. Hung, W.H., Ho, C.F., Jou, J.J. and Kung, K.H., 2012. Relationship bonding for a better knowledge transfer climate: An ERP implementation research.Decision Support Systems,52(2), pp.406-414. Mirchandani, V., 2012.The New Technology Elite: How Great Companies Optimize Both Technology Consumption and Production. John Wiley Sons. Lger, P.M., Charland, P., Feldstein, H., Robert, J., Babin, G. and Lyle, D., 2011. Business simulation training in information technology education: Guidelines for new approaches in IT training.Journal of Information Technology Education: Research,10(1), pp.39-53. Wehbe, R.R. and Nacke, L., 2013. An Introduction to EEG Analysis Techniques and Brain-Computer Interfaces for Games User Researchers. InDiGRA Conference. Mohapatra, S., Padhi, R. and Mohanty, S., 2015. Study of motivational factors post-implementing ERP (SAP) solutions in National Aluminium Company Limited extending the technology acceptance model at organisation level (TAMO).International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development,14(3), pp.250-271. Haislip, J.Z., Masli, A., Richardson, V.J. and Sanchez, J.M., 2015. Repairing organizational legitimacy following information technology (IT) material weaknesses: executive turnover, IT expertise, and IT system upgrades.Journal of Information Systems,30(1), pp.41-70.

Swot Analysis of McDonald’s Essay Sample free essay sample

A SWOT analysis of McDonalds eating house industry reveals that they have a batch of strengths. failings. chances and menaces. To get down 3 strengths would include trade name names. locations and localized bill of fare options. Brand points of McDonalds maintain the competition from copying their merchandises. for illustration. the happy repast. Big Mac. egg McMuffin are all trade name name points of McDonalds. McDonalds maintains 42 % of the United States beefburger concern. Location is ever cardinal. McDonalds has 32. 478 eating houses in 177 states ( McDonalds. com ) . McDonalds’ localized bill of fare options adapt to their location. for illustration. in India and the Middle East they serve lamb Burgers. Failings would include employee turnover. monetary value of natural stuffs. fluctuating operating disbursals and net net incomes. Employee turnover will be the industry more in developing new employees. McDonalds is a fast nutrient eating house. they attract the employment of adolescents and immature grownups. The monetary value of natural stuffs such as maize and wheat fluctuate with the economic system. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis of McDonald’s Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rising cost in stuffs. in bend cost the company more. Fluctuating operating and net net incomes from 2007-2009 ranged from 3. 870. 000 in 2007 and 6. 841. 000 in 2009 for their operating disbursal. A big addition in expense cut net incomes ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Net income for the same old ages was 2. 395. 000 – 4. 551. 000 in 2009 ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Next we look at chances. Many new merchandises are being added to McDonald’s bill of fare every twelvemonth. [ McDonalds continue to put to death our four growing platforms of breakfast. convience. nucleus bill of fare and value. Comparable gross revenues rose 3. 4 % chiefly due to the on-going impulse of our concern in Australia where multiple enterprises environing menu assortment include the launch of the premium Angus Og Burger. greater convience and staying farther strengthened our trade name relevancy ] ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Bing able to maintain monetary values down for the clients improved McDonald’s net income border to 30. 1 % in 2009 ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Last the option of allergen free nutrient points such as. gluten free and insignificant free is a great chance for McDonald’s. It open the chance to derive more clients to increase gross. Last are menaces that McDonald’s have to postulate with. First the consciousness of eating wonts have cut down on people purchasing Burger and french friess. Peoples have become more cognizant of their eating wonts and seek to cut the fats out of their diets. The fleshiness rate in the US grows every twenty-four hours. Second. many new eating houses opening up with low cost. besides offering value menu’s can endanger gross. Third. taint of nutrient such as E Coli would close down concern and as word of oral cavity traveled. people would hold a fright of acquiring ill. They would hold to do certain safety safeguards were followed to forestall this from go oning. Assurance of Learning Exercise 1B 1. Buying competitors’ refuse – E. L2. Dissecting competitors’ merchandises – U. L3. Taking competitors’ works tours anonymously – L. U4. Counting tractor-trailer trucks go forthing competitors’ lading bays – E. L 5. Analyzing aerial exposure of competitors’ installations – E. L 6. Analyzing competitors’ labour contracts – E. L7. Analyzing competitors’ help-wanted ads – E. L8. Quizing clients and purchasers about the gross revenues of competitors’ merchandises – E. L 9. Infiltrating customers’ and competitors’ concern operations – U. I 10. Quizing providers about competitors’ degree of fabricating – E. L 11. Using clients to purchase out bogus commands – U. I 12. Promoting cardinal clients to uncover competitory information – U. L 13. Quizing competitors’ former employees – U. L14. Interviewing advisers who may hold worked with rivals – U. L 15. Hiring cardinal directors off from rivals – U. L16. Conducting bogus occupation interviews to acquire competitors’ employees to uncover information – U. I 17. Sending applied scientists to merchandise meetings to test competitors’ proficient employees – U. L 18. Quizing possible employees who worked for or with rivals – U. L Assurance of Learning Exercise 1B. ( Steps 1-2 )External Opportunities External Threats 1. Internet Coursea 1. Competing Universities2. Technology in the DLP 2. Other on line classs3. Expand Students spiritualty 3. Federal Support4. School Of Law opening 4. Competition for pupils5. More big pupils come ining college 5. Not plenty degree seeking pupils Internal StrengthsInternal Failings1. Faculty 1. Expanding cultural diverseness of pupils 2. Curriculum 2. Necessitate to to the full integrate engineering 3. Convenient Class agendas 3. Affordability4. Campus Infrastructure 4. Student Recruitment5. Technology 5. Competitive Faculty Wages Assurance of Learning Exercise 1D. ( Step 1-2 ) The website ceoexperess. com has many tools and links to supply up to day of the month and past information on concerns. I feel that the subdivision of this web site that would assist me the most for this category would be the company research subdivision. This subdivision has industry specific hunts. Strategic Management besides deals with study. so the one-year studies subdivision would come in ready to hand. There are many more subdivisions to the company research subdivision that gives a battalion of information. All of this information would be good to my category. I could travel tone site and execute my hunts on a dependable web site. The Standard A ; Poor’s evaluation services is besides in this subdivision. This subdivision would let one to entree corporate services such as recognition evaluations. counter party recognition evaluation and bank loan and recovery evaluation. Research needs to be dependable and this web site is really dependable on company information. There is besides a tip subdivision that has tips on mentioning beginnings. In this subdivision it gives you entree to APA and MLA manners and plagiarism. Becoming aware of the regulations of authorship will maintain your documents your and give recognition to those who deserve the recognition. The different subdivisions have so much information available. The trade subdivision is besides on this site. This would let one to maintain up to day of the month on the trade market. The company research subdivision in bend would supply one with the information that one needs to compose their documents. Ceoexpress webite is non merely and deep well of information. that information is besides dependable. Strategic Management is a really ambitious category. and reading studies from this site gives you a full scope of what the company you are researching is all approximately. This information is updated as information comes in. So you ever have current informations. Mention ( 2009 ) . McDonalds Annual study. Mcdonalds. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. aboutmcdonalds. com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/C- % 5Cfakepath % 5Cinvestors-2009-annual-report. pdf

The positive and negative effects of globalisation in China The WritePass Journal

The positive and negative effects of globalisation in China The positive and negative effects of globalisation in China IntroductionConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction This essay will explain what globalisation is and then it will carry on explaining and identifying the positive and negative effects of Globalisation in China. It has been over a few decades that many economists have wondered about what precisely globalisation is all about in the world and particularly in China. Globalisation is the integration of the economies of the world not only in terms of goods and services but ideas of information technology as well. The western culture is seen to have its negative effect in China this way of lifestyle is seen to drastically infiltrate into the local people’s lifestyle through mediums such as the influence of the television and particularly the media and because of this, it has caused a huge impact on the society in China. Their cultures and traditions are seen to change as they slowly try to adapt to the lifestyle of the foreigners. In addition, half-true information is spread through the internet. At this present day and age, these kinds of messages turn out to be ambigous to the locals and the society and it spread’s extremely fast in China because China is an overpopulated country and hence all this was just a falserumour spreaded. Moreover, the citizens of china are over inhabited and as a result human trafficking and pollution increases in the country and because of this reason, the population in china are likely and expected to fall sick and get infected. (PILLAI: 2000-2010)Furthermore, tourists pay a visit to china as they would normally come for tourism reasons or they would like to enjoy their holidays with their families hence when these tourists advance to china they are easily getting caught with diseases like hiv/aids or they are likely to fall ill and these kinds of diseases sprea ds very fast between them. Nevertheless if the diseases are spreaded between the tourists’s, it will cause them not to go again and this can cause a huge impact on the tourism field in china.However the health of the nation is also getting effected. Reason being the residents of china tend to eat outside as the fast food restaurants like Kfc and Mc Donald’s are easily accessible when they go for shopping, trips, outings and also when they are on the main roads. This automatically attracts the locals and it causes them to eat outside and for this reason their food cycle would change and hence they would have to adjust to their new lifestyle and it could cause an unpleasant impact on their health and also in their balanced diet. It is also a trend in china that the locals would prefer junk food rather than a good proper balanced food which is good and beneficial for their bodies. Furthermore they always ignore the fact that junk food is not proper food, which is bad for their health and is not good for them for the societies and cultures that leave in china.However, the citizens in china are also affected by their low wage rate earning because they don’t have enough money to provide for their families and as they are unable to satisfy their needs and wants because of their low income salaries and this causes a massive impact on their loved ones if there isn’t any cash flowing to their families. Nevertheless, the rich and wealthy families always grow and be prosperous time and again they always enjoy the luxurious items and their life to the maximum because of their high income and salaries which enabled them to get control over the nation which helps them get easy cash flow in their pockets which is later shared in their families. However, these kind of people are always expected earn illegal cash. In addition they are always inclined towards corruption and they will never be content with what they have as they will always demand more. Another negative effect of globalisation in china is when people move from developed to developing countries they would be faced with a low wage income and the working conditions and standard of living would not be the same with that of the developed countries. (NASH, 2008). Nevertheless some business’s who don’t have any might or will not be able to do business better because not behind all the businesses they are Politian’s who look after them so some of the businesses want be able to compete on a global scale so those businesses who aren’t doing well will tend to close down be bankrupt. There are other positive effects of globalisation which are very helpful and useful for china. Some of them are that china has changed immensely and grown and has become more prosperous and become successful as well, the standard of living has also increased. This country which did not have any sources of luxurious items and cars before can now enjoy all the resources and hence they are now very comfortable and relaxed in their lives and they are slowly starting to cherish in becoming more satisfied because they could now buy good clothes and new cars whenever they want and this is really helping the people of china a great deal and all this has happened because of globalisation. (NASH, 2008).Over the recent years there has been an increase in the media coverage in china because of the improvement in human privileges as they are now many reporters within the locals and also around the world and this has really helped the people of china and also the foreigners who would like to know what is happening in china they can now watch and enjoy any channel and broadcast in china of their choice as this creates room for the world’s attention.In addition the other positive effect of globalisation is that when they are many cultures who come to china to visit their relatives or their friends or for those people who have already settled, it’s because of the reason stated it will create unity and togetherness on their cultures when several people of different backgrounds come together as it will cause them to become together and their societies could increase and become expand when everyone from different traditions and customs are seen to be together and this would be really beneficial for the same cultures or other cultures because they would probably share the same or different languages with familiar or not mutual habits,morals,traditions and this really helps the people of china and all this is because of globalization.However many businesses in china ar e protected by Politian’s and they are also given some financial help as well and they also secure and protect the organisation and by this motivated boost they are enable to compete with the foreign businesses and which lead them to perform better. The other most powerful effect of globalisation in china is education, now days after you have completed high school and you would like to study abroad to pursue further education these days you can look for the best universities and colleges without even any problem. You would probably go to another country or stay in your home country to study further or study abroad the reason why people would want to pursue their studies internationally is because of the better facilities and proper courses, education and good lecturers. In addition this would create a whole new experience in their life for the international students when they meet different people with different cultures and traditions, When you come together you would share each other’s experiences, skills you have achieved in your life and you could start bonding with each other and hence this would create a whole new understanding for you. Furthermore after you have completed your studies abroad and specialised in a particular field of your interest or choice you could come back to your home country and spread the knowledge, Nevertheless some people would rather study locally because of the financial reasons if you would like to study abroad you would probably have to use more than you would if you would study locally. The other most positive effect of globalisation is the means of resources is in the Information Technology field these days you can do everything with a click of a mouse and you would get a lot of information and it would help you and could be really beneficial for you hence all this is again because of globalisation. Moreover the other positive effect of globalisation is that when they are many companies globally it would automatically increase competition because all the organisation and companies would like to gain a place in the market and all the organisation would have to produce better or high quality products which have a value and they would have to decrease their prices and in the end the consumers benefit because of the high quality goods and services offered to them hence it’s all because of competition.Moreover the other positive reasons are because of free trade it’s supporting the developing world to raise the standard of living and also increase in the developed world. A place like china where they are many business’s and all of them want to gain the customers advantage it will increase competition between the companies and it will force prices to decrease and in the end the consumers will gain as they could save a lot of money because of the cheaper prices and this would help them to use it on other things or save it for future. In addition the another positive effect of globalisation in china is, these days Foreign trade has improved because before people would have to do unfair and not proper means so that they would get whatever they demanded and all that which used to happened before has been vanished. However, these days’ things are done in a more civilized way it’s because of the humans and the mutual relationships between them which has helped them do it in a civilized way hence for those who do it the illegal way they would have to face the World trade organisation as they are the ones who control the trade in other countries.On the other hand when developed countries leads by outsourcing to developing countries this could lead people from getting jobs as they could refrain from child labour, prostitution, and begging hence all this is because of globalisation. Conclusion In conclusion, globalisation has both advantages and disadvantages which i have stated earlier and how it can affect the country and how it can contribute to china. References chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/dsjh/t27161.htmhttp://ezinearticles.com/?The-Positive-Effects-of-Globalizationid=1126427buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization.htmlhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/List_the_positive_and_negative_effects_of_globalizationbuzzle.com/editorials/8-17-2004-57988.asphttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/List_the_positive_and_negative_effects_of_globalization#ixzz1FwXARloHbuzzle.com/articles/positive-effects-of-globalization.htmlbukisa.com/articles/92710_economic-impact-of-globalization-on-chinas-economydocshare.com/doc/163166/The-effects-of-globalisation-on-ChinaChina and Globalisation 2003/10/10/ speech by H.E Ambassador Zha Peixin At Chinese Economic Association Annual Reference (14 April, 2003) [Accessed: 15/4/2011]

Declaration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Declaration - Essay Example ? was affected as a means of avoiding a schism that would necessarily diminished the overall level of support that the newly formed â€Å"United States† could engender from its southern states. From an analysis of the texts provided, it is clear and apparent that the reaction to the Declaration of Independence within the United States was not quite as it has been presented throughout successive American history courses. By and large, the Declaration of Independence went largely unnoticed and unheralded; due to the fact that bloodshed and hostility had already existed for the period of over a year between the British Empire and the colonial revolutionaries (Maier 3). As such, the overall impact of such a document was somewhat secondary to the realities of the strategic battles that were occurring within the colonies at the time. This is not to state that the Declaration of Independence was somehow unimportant; rather, with respect to the day-to-day life of the average American, the outcome of the war and the realities of the conflict were of much greater importance. Interestingly, the reaction to the Declaration of Independence throughout the world came in many different forms. For instance, European empires were fearful of the publication of the Declaration of Independence within their respective languages and/4 within their respective populations. This was obviously due to the fact that they feared that such a level of enlightenment thinking with regards to the innate and tacit rights of mankind would inspire similar acts of rebellion against their own assets throughout the world. However, notwithstanding this fact, the reaction to the enlightenment thinking of the Declaration of Independence spread rather quickly throughout (Armitage 31) Europe. It ultimately reached as far away as Warsaw within only a few months after its initial publication. By and large, the European response to the Declaration of Independence was one that was incredulous and curious with

Medical Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Medical Ethics - Case Study Example of Kansas, the State of Kansas statute is in one way or the other referenced and is qualified to be in a persistent vegetative state are underlying values of the statue mentioned. As the statute entails protecting the fetus; hence, validating the attending physician’s decision to disqualify Janet’s declaration. As such, the advance health care directive in light is particularly tailored for a single party (the woman) and excluding any additional party which is the fetus, in this case. Allowing the physician to place the patient on life-sustaining procedures before the legal matter is discussed and clarified would be a fit decision because it co-exists with the statute referenced in a note found in the patient’s medical record. Janet’s fetus is obliged to a surrogate because the advance health directive about life prolongation excludes any other party if Janet’s vegetative state would have been persistent. Surrogacy to the fetus will allow Janet’s directives to be upheld as she wished without compromising medical ethics by not withdrawing life from the fetus as

Weber’s Formal and Substantive Rationality

Weber’s Formal and Substantive Rationality Weber’s Rationality Concepts and Scientific Management and Human Relation Theory Introduction Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher and economist. His work of rationalization and rationality has influenced the entire sociology discipline. His work of rationality introduces four kinds of rationality, including theoretical, practical, formal and substantive rationality. This paper focuses on the formal and substantive rationality. Weber made distinctions between formal rationality and substantive rationality in his works. Formal rationality mainly refers to rational calculation determined by rules, regulations or laws, and the extend to an action occurs as an outcome of quantitative calculations. In terms of formally rational systems, the primary concern within the system is maximize profitability, this often results into disregardful humanity. On the other hand, substantive rationality is defined as choice of means to ends guided by a set of human values. It concerns several criteria of final ends and disregards whatever they are, it measures the outcomes of the economic-oriented action. This paper is to introduce Weber’s formal and substantive rationality concepts, then to analyze how these two concepts are related to scientific management and human relation theory. Formal rationality Weber defines formal rationality as the degree to an action happens as a result of quantitative and appropriate calculations (Weber, 1987). Formal rationality involves the rational calculation of means to ends that are founded on laws, rules and regulations apply in general (Kalberg, 1980). It also relates to a structure including legal, economic, scientific spheres and the bureaucratic domination with industrialization (Karlberg, 1980). Weber suggests an action is rational because it has a consistent structure, all of its elements point at one direction, no one counteracts another. Therefore, there exists a consistency in its structure, and this is aided by formalization. Formalization can render several contradictions visible through a mechanical form of simplification. Thus, formal calculation is a kind of rationalization which focuses on the process not the result, it emphasizes how the decision is being made rather than how the results are achieved (Rona-Tas,2007). Formal rationality exists in large-scale structures such as bureaucracy and capitalist economy. And these structures and their regulations and laws determine the means to ends (Ritzer, 2005). Since formal calculation is determined by rules, regulations or laws, formal rationality often leads to decisions that are without regard of the needs and values of persons, it may imply that substantive rationality is unnecessary (Ritzer, 2005). An action oriented to rules, regulations or laws is a formal calculation in reference to enacted regulations and opposed to decision making in reference to the personal values (Kalberg, 1980). For instance, the needs of a formally rational economic system are emphasized on actors who can outbid others not because their needs are more important or contain more personal values, but because they have lots of money. In this economic system, making money is the major concern rather than humanity concerns (Ritzer, 2005). Weber (1968) argues, â€Å"decisive are the need for competitive survival and the conditions of the labor, money and commodity markets; hence matter-of-fact considerations that are simply nonethical determine individual behavior and interpose impersonal forces between the persons involved (pp. 1186).† Therefore, capitalistic system is a formally rational economic system, as the major concern of an organization within the system is to make profit constantly. The entrepreneurs disregard the workers’ basic human values and dominate them by enslaving them in the formally rational economic system (Weber, 1975). Formal rationality dominated in industrialized, modern and especially Western world. Weber foresaw that formal rationality would replace other kinds of rationality in the Western world. He also argued that substantive rationality would fade away and people would march forward to formal rationality instead. So, people’s actions are no longer guided by personal values but simply follow the regulations, rules and laws (Ritzer, 2005). Substantive rationality Substantive rationality refers to the clusters of values that lead people in their everyday lives, particularly in how they choose the means to ends. It involves the choice of means to ends guided by a set of human values. For example, Calvinism is when one feels one is fulfilling a duty and Calvinism attempts to rationalize the world in ethical ways and consistent with God’s commandments (Weber, 1958). Other examples include friendship, communism, hedonism Buddhism etc (Ritzer, 2005). When the clusters of values are consistent with particular value postulates that actors prefer, they are considered to be rational (Kalberg, 1980). In terms of economy, on the opposed side of formal rationality, Weber sees substantive rationality as an action that emphasizes on outcomes, an action can be rational also because it reaches successful ends. Therefore, substantive rationality means the success or failure that due to actions are driven by economical orientation in order to achieve final objectives that can be economic or non-economic, for instance, justice and equality (Weber, 1987). That is to say, substantive rationality is relevant to economic action in particular. So, substantive rationality involves a choice of means to ends leaded by some larger system of human values (Ritzer, 2005). Substantive rationality orders action into patterns directly on the basis of a past, present or potential value postulate, instead of just a calculation of means to ends and solutions to routine problems (Weber, 1968). Unlike formal rationality which has just a single value, such as making profit or fulfilling duties, substantive rationality relates to a value postulate which connotes clusters of values that are different in terms of comprehensiveness, content and internal consistency. Therefore, substantive rationality is a manifestation of a person’s capacity for value-rational action (Kalberg, 1980). Substantively rational system do not limit itself to purely follow formal and unambiguous fact or act according to goal-oriented rational calculation with the technical method, it concerns several criteria of ultimate ends regardless they are ethical, utilitarian, feudal etc, it measures the outcomes of the economic action, whereas formally rational emphasizes correct calculati on that may against substantive or value rationality (Weber, 1978). However, Weber did not make it clear that whether certain kinds of results might compound formal calculation, or some ends are more tend to be formal rationality than others. Scientific management Formal rationality Scientific management theory was originally proposed in the book of Fredrick Taylor’s (1856-1915), which was published in 1991 and called ‘The Principles of Scientific Management’. The fundamental goal of scientific management was to maximize workers’ productivity and profitability ultimately. This principles of scientific management theory is accordance with Weber’s formal rationality concept. For instance, Taylor (1991) argues workers should be trained and managed under scientific methods, in order to improve their efficiency. Taylor (1991) also explains this scientific management method in details, that is: managers should abandon the old rule of thumb method and adopt a scientific method for every task; they must use scientific method to train workers, and use rules and regulations to ensure workers follow the instructions of the scientific method they develop. Taylor’s scientific management methods can be considered as the concept of Webe r’s formal calculation, and the objective of that concept is to achieve great profitability. Also, Taylor (1991) thinks the best management should be supervised and ensured under regulations and rules. This is also a formally rational system according to Weber’s point of view of formal rationality. In addition, Taylor (1991) assumes that workers can be motivated and only can be stimulated by economic drives. He designed a salary structure and principle, that was to pay a high salary to a worker who accomplishes his work more efficiently or faster. Furthermore, Taylor (1991) suggests to pay a worker with extra bonus or premium, if the worker finishes his work successfully and productively. Henry Ford implemented Taylor’s scientific management methods and developed a model based on economic expansion and mass production with technological mechanisms (Tolliday and Zeitlin, 1987). Therefore, scientific management theory is driven by achieving great profitability, which is aligned with Weber’s formal rationality concept. Weber saw the triumph of formal rationality in the American system of ‘Scientific management’, as Weber (1978) argues, scientific management uses suitable measurement methods to calculate worker’s productivity and maximize profitability, the way these measurements calculate worker’s productivity is like that of any material means of production. He argues that scientific management was based on rational calculation and improvement of work performance with scientific training methods, and the worker is totally adjusted to the demands of the machines and is shorn of his inherent rhythm through creation of an optimal economy of physical effort. Human Relations theory Substantively rational Human relation theory proposes that an organization is a social system, people in an organization are interdependent. Human relation theory argues that best management is to focus on encouraging people to work, to give workers psychological and social needs and comforts, that way, they would work with more efficiency and effectiveness. Human relation theory is substantively rational as it emphasizes to maximize efficiency and productivity through a set of human values. The basic suggestion of human relation theory was developed through experiments and interviews, the most famous researcher is Elton Mayo, who identified the importance of human values in organizations. Through Hawthorne experiment, Mayo found out that the fundamental factor affects productivity and efficiency is the worker. The workers who engaged in the experiment realized they were concerned by managers and colleagues, and that increased their belongingness, this belongingness changed the worker’s entire value concept, encouraged them to improve their working efficiency. Therefore, Mayo suggested that workers also want social needs and interests, and they cannot be seen as being economically motivated anymore as how they were regarded by Taylorism (Rose, 2005). Thus, human relation theory is an implementation of substantive rationality in We ber’s point of view. Then, human relation theory is related to substantive rationality as it suggests that there is informal communication within an organization. In the study of bank wiring room, a small group of male workers were to produce electrical components. That group emerged to set informal norms that were enforced by peer pressure and an informal leader. The study indicates that workers were not only motivated by economic force but also the informal norms and communications within the organization. Thus, it is more important than just following formal side such as regulations, rules and official hierarchy that formal rational system does (Rose, 2005). However, the human relation theory is argued to be formal rationality as well. The initial impetus for the Hawthorne experiments was to improve worker’s efficiency and productivity and its management was to control physical variables, the idea was informed by the tradition of scientific management (Rose, 2005). It is also argued that human relation theories are embedded with connotation of rational organization and preference of scientific method (Ross-Smith and Kornberger, 2004). This could be understood since Weber did not clarify whether certain kinds of results might compound formal rationality. Conclusion This paper explains Weber’s formal and substantive rationality, and uses these two concepts to analyze scientific management and human relation theory. The paper summarizes that scientific management theory is with preference of Weber’s formal rationality concept, as scientific management theory focuses on managing organizations with scientific methods and formal calculations to improve workers’ productivity and to maximize organizations’ profitability. Whereas human relation theory is relevant to both substantive and formal rationality, because human relation theory emphasizes on principles guided by sets of human values such as social needs and psychological comforts etc. In addition, because within organizations adopts human relation theory, there exists informal norms and communications, which are more important than rules, regulations or hierarchy. At last but not least, human relation theory was originally designed to maximize efficiency and producti vity, and to control physical variables, that was in line with the idea of scientific management theory. Reference List: Kalberg, S. (1980). Max Webers Types of Rationality: Cornerstones for the Analysis of Rationalization Processes in History. The American Journal of Sociology, vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 1145-1179 Muchinsky, P. M. (2006). Psychology Applied to Work. Eighth edition. Boston: Cengage Learning. Ritzer, G. (2005). The Weberian theory of rationalization and the McDonaldization of contemporary society. In: Peter Kivisto (ed.) Illuminating social life: Classical and contemporary theory revisited. Sage. Rona-Tas, A. (2007). The Three Modalities of Rationality and Their Contradictions in Post-Communist Consumer Credit Markets. In Jens Beckert, Rainer Diaz-Bone and Heiner Ganssmann eds. Mà ¤rkte als soziale Strukturen. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt/New York. Rose, N. (2005). Human Relations Theory and People Management. European Management Journal, vol. 34, pp. 43-62. Ross-Smith, A., and Kornberger, M. (2004). Gendered Rationality? A Genealogical Exploration of the Philosophical and Sociological Conceptions of Rationality, Masculinity and Organization. Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 280-305 Taylor, F. W. (1991). The Principles of Scientific Management. New York, NY, US and London, UK: Harper Brothers Tolliday, S. and Zeitlin, J. (1987). The Automobile Industry and its Workers: Between Fordism and Flexibility. New York: St.Martins Press. Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by Talcott Parsons. New York: Scribners. Originally: (1920) 1972. pp. 1-206 in Gesam- melte Aufsaetze zur Religionssoziologie (hereafter GARS). Vol. 1. Tubingen: Mohr. Weber, M. (1968). Economy and Society. Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. New York: Bedminister. Originally: (1921) 1976. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Edited by Johannes Winckelmann. Tubingen: Mohr Weber, M. (1975). Roscher and Knies: The Logical Problems of Historical Economics. Translated with an introduction by Guy Oakes. New York: Free Press. Originally: (1922) 1973. pp. 1-145 in WL Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society. Berkeley: California University Press

Solitude and Isolation in One Hundred Years of Solitude :: One Hundred Years of Solitude

Solitude and Isolation in One Hundred Years of Solitude   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "†¦Races condemned to 100 years of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth."   These powerful last words of the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude ring true.   The book demonstrates through many examples that human beings cannot exist in isolation.   People must be interdependent in order for the race to survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Solitude.   Examples are found of this idea throughout the one-hundred-year life of Macondo and the Buendia family.   It is both an emotional and physical solitude.   It is shown geographically, romantically, and individually. It always seems to be the intent of the characters to remain alone, but they have no control over it.   To be alone, and forgotten, is their destiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel begins with geographic isolation.   Jose Arcadio Buendia shouts, "God damn it!   Macondo is surrounded by water on all sides!"   Whether it is, in truth, an island is irrelevant.   The town believed itself to be cut off from the rest of the world.  Ã‚   In addition, Jose Arcadio Buendia and Ursula are looking for solitude.   The founding of Macondo was a result of escaping Jose Arcadio Buendia's murder of Prudencio Aguilar.   Aguilar's ghost haunted them, eventually forcing them to retreat.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The family seems to remain very involved within itself.   Much of this is Spanish culture.   In Spanish-speaking countries, it is not uncommon to find many generations of the same family living in one house.   The Buendia house always has various relatives within it.   Yet, this is not the only explanation.   The incest of the family is a theme throughout the novel, and is a significant factor in the solitude of this family.   If a family rarely turns to others to branch out, it eventually becomes completely turned in upon itself: isolated and detached.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Occasionally, the family poisoned with the fate of solitude does reach out.   Those who interact with this family share in its unfortunate fate.   First to Pilar Ternera, the sexual companion of two of the Buendia boys.   Following this sexual interaction, Pilar spends the rest of her life alone.   The same pattern is seen with Petra Cotes, simply with another generation.   Another example is demonstrated by Remedios Moscote.   She is another outsider, paired with Aureliano Buendia.   Soon after their marriage she dies unexpectedly and violently. Solitude and Isolation in One Hundred Years of Solitude :: One Hundred Years of Solitude Solitude and Isolation in One Hundred Years of Solitude   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "†¦Races condemned to 100 years of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth."   These powerful last words of the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude ring true.   The book demonstrates through many examples that human beings cannot exist in isolation.   People must be interdependent in order for the race to survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Solitude.   Examples are found of this idea throughout the one-hundred-year life of Macondo and the Buendia family.   It is both an emotional and physical solitude.   It is shown geographically, romantically, and individually. It always seems to be the intent of the characters to remain alone, but they have no control over it.   To be alone, and forgotten, is their destiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel begins with geographic isolation.   Jose Arcadio Buendia shouts, "God damn it!   Macondo is surrounded by water on all sides!"   Whether it is, in truth, an island is irrelevant.   The town believed itself to be cut off from the rest of the world.  Ã‚   In addition, Jose Arcadio Buendia and Ursula are looking for solitude.   The founding of Macondo was a result of escaping Jose Arcadio Buendia's murder of Prudencio Aguilar.   Aguilar's ghost haunted them, eventually forcing them to retreat.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The family seems to remain very involved within itself.   Much of this is Spanish culture.   In Spanish-speaking countries, it is not uncommon to find many generations of the same family living in one house.   The Buendia house always has various relatives within it.   Yet, this is not the only explanation.   The incest of the family is a theme throughout the novel, and is a significant factor in the solitude of this family.   If a family rarely turns to others to branch out, it eventually becomes completely turned in upon itself: isolated and detached.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Occasionally, the family poisoned with the fate of solitude does reach out.   Those who interact with this family share in its unfortunate fate.   First to Pilar Ternera, the sexual companion of two of the Buendia boys.   Following this sexual interaction, Pilar spends the rest of her life alone.   The same pattern is seen with Petra Cotes, simply with another generation.   Another example is demonstrated by Remedios Moscote.   She is another outsider, paired with Aureliano Buendia.   Soon after their marriage she dies unexpectedly and violently.

African-American Civil Rights in the Years 1950 to 1962 Essay

Explain how far the views in Source B differ from those in Source A in relation to President Eisenhower and the desegregation of education. Both sources illustrate Eisenhower’s negative opinion on desegregation in schools. Both criticise and portray Eisenhower’s intolerance of black people as Source states Eisenhower’s comment that white people ‘ are concerned about is that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes’ . Eisenhower’s ‘sympathises’; the south as he originates there himself, the intolerance could be considered to be part of the South’s culture and behaviour to be intolerant of the black people, it is arguable that this effected Eisenhower’s political judgement . The fact that Eisenhower came from military background after spending 44 years of his life in service, would have influenced his decisions and opinions on desegregation as military camps were segregated and Eisenhower would have been use to this system. He once again agues from the South’s point of view in Source B, ‘I don’t believe you can change the hearts of men with laws and decisions’ this once again supports the point I made before. Evidence of his intolerance was regretting appointing Earl Warren as chief of justice ‘the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made’ he obviously was very against the decision and never wanted desegregation. The similarities continue as both sources shows the reluctance of helping the black people through desegregation. Source A comments that he didn’t show a clear support for the Supreme Court decision to desegregate schools, ‘his silence encouraged massive resistance’. His political and personal opinions were colliding with each other making his actions limited. Source B shows proof of his reluctance also as it stated three years later he finally protects the little rock 9 with a federal army in 1957. This was the first time Eisenhower showed support of segregation however; it was a ‘weak act’ from Eisenhower. It could be possible that he felt that it was his study as the president not himself supporting civil rights for the black people. However, the sources do differ in the fact that source B states a more positive view on Eisenhower even thought it was considered ‘weak’. As already stated Eisenhower While in presidency did not actively support desegregation and had reservations about the Brown decision, he understood his constitutional responsibility to uphold the federal authority and the law. Eisenhower ordered federal troops to guard and Little Rock and protect black students as they walked to school. He therefore became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. As Source A’s tone is very negative as it quotes intolerant views on the African Americans, it insinuates that Eisenhower is very against African Americans being part of a ‘white society’ this contrast with the little rock 9 as he aids the black people into the school, after his comments it would been unlikely to help the black people but he does. To conclude: source A and B are very similar as they both voice the intolerance and his lack of support Eisenhower gave to the African-Americans. I agree with the source as from my own knowledge he was very against civil rights because of his Sothern influence. His views on desegregation was transparent from his actions and that’s what source and B illustrate (12 Marks) (B) Use Source A, B and C and your own knowledge. How important was the Supreme Court in the development of African-American civil rights in the years 1950 to 1962? The Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the US, consisting of nine justices and taking judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation. The Supreme Court would have benefited every African- American with their decisions of passing and lifting laws if they succeeded in winning their cases. It allowed them to have legal rights with in the country and legally be equal to the white people. However, the self-esteem of the African Americans was low due to the intolerance of the white people therefore figures such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and support of political figures such as Kennedy allowed them to be brave and a sense of pride in gaining equality. Therefore, the Supreme Court could be considered less important than other figures and factors that occurred between 1950 and 1962. Source A and B discuss the Brown vs. Topeka’s Board of Education verdict in 1954. The Supreme Court passed the law of desegregated schools by the chief of Justice Earl Warren. He was criticised for his decision such as President Eisenhower, who had shared his annoyance with Warren by stating that is was the ‘biggest damn fool mistake he ever made’. The silence of Eisenhower’s support on desegregation caused massive resistance along with the indirect deadline for when desegregation is to commence. Hence, Brown 2 in 1955 was the attempt to get a clearer deadline than before. However, disappointingly the verdict was ‘with all deliberate speed’ it was still vague and prolonged the wait for desegregation. The Supremes’ role in this particular situation helped civil rights as it declared more equality within America however turned to a hindrance as it become a battle of when it will happen. The decision also caused further problems for the African- Americans as Little Rock complied with the high court’s laws and decided to desegregate there all white school. The NAACP submitted nine students originally to join the school and gradually bring more in and settled them slowly. However, it wasn’t that simply as the 9 students went to enter their school they was verbally abused and tormented by the white southerners, Eisenhower had to submit federal assistance to help them into school , this is stated in source B as it had taken 3 years to show any support from Eisenhower and the south to finally accept desegregation . Eisenhower’s federal involvement was then became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. However, since Brown vs. education Source C states that McLaurin vs. Oklahoma rules that universities too have to follow the desegregation law and that you ‘could not provide different treatment to a student solely because of his/her race’. This proves that the Supreme Court was furthering African American rights through all levels of education making them equal and educated. This is another influence the Supreme Court had over monumental changes for the African Americans and the society around them. However, it is arguable that the Supreme Court only assisted the figures and events that immensely changed civil rights for the African Americans. Events such as the Montgomery Bus boycott in 1956 were a political and social protest. after the arrest of Rosa parks African Americans were ready to take action and regain some equality and raise the issue of how wrong it is to make a ‘tired, old lady’ to move, even if it wasn’t entirely true. The boycott was led by the group the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) Saturday 3rd December the black community supported each other as a lot of people avoided the busses and had to take rides with other people in the community, even though it was difficult the supporters of the cause enthusiastically agreed to continue the boycott until there was justice. The success of the black people boycotting led to economic stress were the issue of segregation would be over. The fact that one event, encourage African Americans to stand for their rights influenced and uncovered the most influential figures in civil right history and gained justice from their efforts. This is repeated again the 1960 in the Greensboro sit-in’s when African Americans refuse to move to from their seats in the Woolworths store. Their numbers increased in support and was watched by the world; even Eisenhower voiced his opinions on the matter. These nonviolent protests allowed black people to become a part of changing their future and not relying on court cases and individuals to get them there. Arguably even though they gained great success the black people didn’t have any legal hold on desegregating the bus system, thus the Browder vs. Gayle case. The Supreme Court upheld the district court’s decision in making bus’s desegregated. Without the confirmation from the Supreme Court all the black people’s efforts would have resulted to nothing without the confirmation of the Supreme Court. Rosa parks is seen in our modern day history as an inspirational civil rights leader. Her story influenced thousands of African Americans to boycott buses and gain equality. However, her image of being a ‘hard working, old, fragile women’ who wanted to rest her feet after a long day isn’t true at all. She had been an active protester and NAACP member for years and probably planned this protest to gain publicity and change. Due to her protest Martin Luther King was noticed as a civil rights figure, he had been watched from all over the world and from then on seen as the leading civil rights leader. His efforts in the SCLC created in 1957 after the Montgomery bus boycott, helped the southern African Americans who suffered from great intolerance . However, once again their efforts amounted to achieving the legalisation of equality, without the Supreme Court all their efforts went to nothing. To conclude: even though Martin Luther King is seen as the saviour of the African Americans in gaining equality and is still admired in our modern day society, it is the supreme court that allowed them legally to be treated as equals and live the lives they should live. However, without the efforts and protests the Supreme Court would never have considered to pass or all the African Americans to have the equality they gained through their efforts. Therefore, the other factors that influenced African Americans development on civil rights were more important than the Supreme Court. (2A) Explain why school were not immediately desegregated after the verdict in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education case of 1954 * Â  Earl Warren passed desegregation in 1954 in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of education. This was to end segregation. The NAACP appointed Thurgood to take the case and won with Earl Warren’s confirmation However, Warren didn’t set the deadline when schools should be desegregated. This prolonged desegregation and led to the court case Brown 2 in 1955 to gain directness on when desegregation will commence .However the verdict remained vague commenting that desegregation should happen with ‘all deliberate speed’ allowing desegregation, once again to be prevented from racial diversity in schools. This suggests that the Supreme Court was reluctant to desegregate schools fully due to Eisenhower’s silence and the South’s reluctance to do so. Other than the Cooper vs. Aaron case, the southern manifesto is proof of their reluctance as this was a legal document signed by 99 politicians to counter the decision on Brown vs. Education, because of the legality and not just the opinions of the south. This then makes the manifesto more than reluctance but a serious legal matter. Their claim matched the opinions of the south commenting that ‘segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The southern manifesto stated that ‘It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races’, ‘It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding’ to make their argument fair and agreeable they used the idea that desegregation will bring violence and issues to the communities when there is no need. Even though some areas (especially in the north where it was more tolerant) accepted desegregation quickly. However, a lot of the south continued segregation as they didn’t agree with the Brown vs. Board of Education, thus the southern manifesto. The build-up of tension of intolerance was at little rock. Little rock school in Arkansas decided to comply with the high court’s ruling. The NAACP submitted 9 students to the previously all white school. They was verbally abused and tormented as they entered the school, President Eisenhower had to send federal troops to protect the 9 children. This suggests that ‘fear’ that was presented in the southern manifesto was proven to be true allowing anxiety for other schools and black people to comply with desegregation. President Eisenhower originated from the south and voiced intolerance himself about the decisions of Brown vs. board of education. It was commented that his silence encouraged massive resistance to applying the new law forcefully through the country as he did not agree with the verdict. It was also claimed that he voiced annoyance about appointing Earl Warren stating that it was ‘The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made’ this is evidence of his intolerance because he disapproved of Warren’s decision. Being a military man himself he was use to the segregation system and probably agreed with the idea of ‘separate but equal’. This suggests why the Supreme Court had given vague answers of when the deadline should be on desegregation because the president wasn’t happy with the decision. To conclude: there were many factors to why desegregation wasn’t immediate however; the most important factor that contributed to preventing desegregation was the south. The fear, the legal documentation created by the south, the behaviour and the powerful leaders from the south made the desegregation difficult and tense. The South’s intolerance caused the most issues, as the north complied with high court’s decision quickly as there was less intolerance. Â  * (2B) ‘The work of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) was the most important reason for the desegregation of schools in the years 1950 to 1960’ * Explain why you agree or disagree with this view * The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Their mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination. They are the earliest organisation to aid African- Americans into equality. They have had many successes in desegregating schools and their efforts have gone far however, it is arguable that other organisations, figures and events that were more influential to desegregation in schools than the NAACP. * The NAACP had succeeded in other cases for the rights of black people however; it was the Brown vs. Board of Education that is considered NAACP’s victorious achievement. But, without the work of Thurgood marshal that was appointed by the NAACP the outcome might have been different. Other than being the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court he had won 29 out of the 32 he had faced. He was a very intelligent and stood for his rights after winning previous cases for the NAACP himself and a team of NAACP attorneys won Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Other than the NAACP winning the case Thurgood who was part of the NAACP team, was an inspiration to the African Americans. However, the decision didn’t lead to an immediate change as there was no clear deadline. The NAACP and Marshall forgot to argue its urgency for change therefore, Brown 2 the case that was to get the urgency it needed however, the decision was vague as it stated ‘with deliberate speed’. The NAACP did succeed in the decision of desegregation but it had no action. NAACP helped all African American’s in need such as the Little Rock 9 in 1957. The NAACP submitted 9 students to attend the previously all white school Little Rock, this was an achievement as a lot of the south wasn’t and would not comply with the high court’s orders. However, this turned into a disadvantage as The 9 students was verbally abused, tormented and prevented to enter their new school. The NAACP however, did help them try and enter or submit them in different and safer schools. It wasn’t just Little Rock students that they helped enter schools but many. * It is arguable that other factors effected the desegregation of schools such as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court had to pass the laws to gain legal equality, therefore the Brown vs. Education case without the Chief of Justice Earl Warren reaching the decision that segregation is unconstitutional. Desegregation would never have gone through. They pass the McLaurin vs. Oklahoma state regents, this was to desegregate universities. However, other cases were inspired by the efforts of the NAACP, and the outcome they reached in the Brown vs. board of Education Verdict. * However, it was the ordinary people that changed their future by joining protests and helping each other. Such as Linda Brown, if it wasn’t for Linda’s cause the case to bring desegregation to schools. Linda Brown was the Daughter to Oliver Brown, because of his annoyance that his daughter had to walk 6 blocks because of the Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling ‘separate but equal’ under the Jim Crow laws. Her long walks to school led to one of the most monumental events that happened for African Americans. However, Linda Brown was part one of the thirteen families that was recruited to Topeka (the area they lived in), the NAACP took the case for Brown and pursued his plan to desegregate schools. * To conclude: The NAACP efforts in desegregating schools were more important than the other factors that influenced desegregations. Without The NAACP providing lawyers such as Marshall and helping brown win his case, Oliver brown wouldn’t of won the case. I believe that the NAACP’s involvement in the desegregation of schools was the main reason and that’s why I agree with the statement.